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PLATE I.—SWALLOW FALLS. 


MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY 


W. BULLOCK CLARK, F. W. BESLEY, 


Executive Officer. State Forester. 


Wee PORESIS OF 
* MARYLAND « 


BY 


F. W. BESLEY, STATE FORESTER 


BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 
December, 1916 


PRESS OF 
THE ADVERTISER—REPUBLICAN, 
ANNAPOLIS, MD. 


DawOteeD. 
SEP 27 1917 


STATE FORESTER’S OFFICE 


Ba tTiImore, MARYLAND. 


: STAFF. 

1m W. BESLEY - - - bs > 2 State Forester 
JuGmWorRaNcee= | s-p 7 = - - - Assistant Forester 
ER Forp os ee ee 5 a= Assistant Forester 
IKE E. PREIPFER - - -- a Assistant Forester 
Dororuy ©. TNRAgTR oc Ee een re | Secretary 
Marre TL [aati ses ne ee Clerk 


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CONTENTS 


: Pace 

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Derelky [ORAS IBOSWOIA7 oo oc ageccenbeocesesd5o en 0 bo 000 Gama nIGmn ia 
Present Forest Conditions — Destructive Agencies.............. 18 
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BAECS a aga yore ee ye to eee eS 14 
GAMING 5505.58 Abs polo POOR 1D DELI O DIOONa oe ence: eee 17 
Marae. IDIGCASERs a:5:6 o'dlb.o70 de 0 occa bie Clerelblo Coe Oe OIERS Se ren eee enn 18 
IMEC IAWHES 52 oo oc accods5eec8 05 sD eee une HOD Oe mar 18 

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IP OCS: ais 0 a,0.b'0.a 6 SENS ONG, CRORE ria ERPUET ere ane ern 28 

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IPHTARTOOC 36's aicic' oo aa SO ORE Ons Moot obo ue Oe Oe Dene ae a 29 
SIQCIAM WSIS CIE WAS INCEST > 5.0.6 6.0 cava 6d dic cen crn soci eee ene 29 
Willow IPeochicmom, ‘tin Weide oocseoccu0cconse oboe Oe oee 29 
Mole, Sivewjy Bal SMG. oc abo ou cele ge co 5p Ck Crom moe Cn acer 29 
ClARGCE cosas nce ocedco a soo ddd 36 odo Gna 30 
MhemwWood-Usinesindustriestot Manylandeenaesse..-4--.---..--. 30 


CONTENTS—convINUED 


PAGE 
Transportation, Markets, and General-Conditions-in the Lumber- 
ing and Wood-Manufacturing Industries of Maryland......... 34 
Mransportation’ — \WaterwaySsan eee eee eer 34 
Ranliroadsiandlcihohiwaly Seater 35 
Maieets 3 secc ccm incacetaenneoei le ata pers eae CS ee 35 
Morest Platine... 2:6 ces pee eenain ane iolate ee ere ee ee 36 
State Forest, Resernves:: acsearle Ie Rais See eee oT 
PeMimi erp alge) ores ts] als all tion Os ree ee nee ea 39 
: N yer=Yo tuck o) omar uee ena nS pcre ey scree en) Ugh Pe Neen nL or a eS tale 39 
» The States Horest; Aneas——itablessy.saa.c5 ere oe in Dostana ee ye 41 
Whe Horests\oreMaryland\ bya coum bie Skene ee eee 42 
Forest Description ; Table — summary of the lumber and 
timber eut, by products; Table — wooded area, stand 
and value of saw timber, by election districts; Map of 
the county’s forest areas, by commercial types. 
Allegany County «. 2.2.02) 2e Gee eee ee eee eee 42 
Anime sAruaidel "C out cc. evel etecertesee tte trie ncaa ea Toe ane ae ea AT 
Baltimore County: . occa) ieeemtercmeeee ee eee nar ee bil 
Calvert Goumity i.e. sles ape en eee 5D 
Caroline (County .-cc.cnive eee ee ee ee re 59 
Carroll’ Coumnty... 18 See ee oa oe eee 63 
Ce oul  COwu Mt Yeo HR Ae eae ee Re EL ee 67 
Charles: County ee.o25yc aS d ee Se ee ee eee 71 
Dorchester «County: 1.3 e sn oe es eile eee eRe 7d 
Mredericki Goumty.. 7 nd coge Sesccn ee oe ne ee 79 
Garrett: County ssp: s see See ae Fo oe eee 83 
Harford: Coumiys... he cacao dao ee ee eee 87 
Howard “Countyea2. 9a. Zaces oe ee eee eee 91 
Kent: County..2 03.2 20%... ee I Oe eee eee 95 
Montgomery ‘County... 224 saace ee tee Oe ee eee 99 
Prince George’s County as2 595 samen ae eee ee 103 
Queen. Anne’s ‘County ..c. 24540 cans cee ee Oe ee 107 
t.. Mary's (County: 202i. cic a ontepoer ein eee ere ones Pacacae 111 
Somerset: Comm tyes Aguile shee 2 oe Se oe Se elit 
Talbot County....... Pn ic AG SA GEO ban RD ONES ah die 119 
Washington ‘County 2.5.4 -case nee RE eey Sea eee eee 123 
Wicomico C ounittyneso ot se ome eee ee ak ee eee 127 
Worcester i County, iste coh Aon arc ee rece ete at ee 131 
Wooded Area, Stand, and Value of Saw Timber in Maryland, by 
Counties = stable esearch oe escieie eis Sate sweets eee eee 134 


Summary of the 1914 Lumber and Timber Production of Mary- 


. ay Ae Lord 
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CONTENTS—conTinvueEpD 
PAGE 
Summary of the 1914 Lumber and Timber Production of Mary- 
land, with By-Products, in Order of Relative Importance — 


TANG .e o0.d0064-0000 581 OO CE GIS GOCE Cet mete aa are NBD) 
emesis LAWS. Ot WarpvilennGl. oc oBe ae 00 38 oc Oe Beene eee ieee 137 
Genenralehorestuyeserieren cerca. ee ee em a tS OT: 
ieoRkiGls Wiese JUAN. o osc ooldo oO 6 o Cente DOR enn ee eee 142 
IDENIETOSOO IRESEIVOce o'o 02.01 960 CO OO OId OR Ace eee aaa 145 


Topical Indexes tases e 0 0a GIG On, (Or 0 Cree CeIe een ne 147 


PLATE Facine Pace 
I. Frontispiece — Swallow Falls 

II. Fig. 1 — Original Growth of Hemlock..................-- 12 

Fig. 2 — Virgin Forest of Beech and Sugar Maple......... 12 

If. Fig. 1 — Fire Spreading Through a Hardwood Forest..... 16 
Vig. 2— Examples of Forest Protection and Forest De- 

SIF) GUCCI AO) OMe etary raraee Nan VOM ARS ncnk a ae Bs wae 16 

IV. Fig: 1 — Hire Protection on Mountam@liande sys. aeeee 20 

VY. Fig. 1 — Destruction of Chestnut by the Blight........... 24 
Fig. 2— A Culled Forest, with Logging Waste, in Southern 

Maryland’, o72-Sig eeateectoe A ae eeeeee 24 

Vin hiss Theskastured a Wioodlotheee an acer 30 

ie, 4— ne leiconecuacl WYCOCIIOE. ococs0ccncc0G000KnD60K 30 

VIL. Figs i — AU Portables Mall Was esiccemnce nce ne eine 38 

Fig. 2X Bandi sao eae rene ere ee 38 

Vide His: ithe sh orestedmWiatershed srs fee ene 42 

Fig. 2— From a Deforested Watershed.................. 42 

LXE hier — Keo, Staves) trom Chestnuiinn ance cereale 52 

Kies 2 — Redi@akstors Chairs Stockanmene ene ene teeter 52 

DG Se, = Uo Ghuner WiNe IPROOS. ooc0cocodcc000d0c ne S00 bOOS 60 

Fig. 2— High-Grade Maryland Poplar................... 60 

XI, Kies t— The Bresh=Watersowalppeeeeae eee 76 

Hig) 2,— The Salt, Marshiac4 acer eer er tre eee 76 

XI Kies i — The Dy pical) MountamHoresth seer 84 

Fig. 2— From the Fire Tower — Meadow Mountain...... 84 

XT. Mies = The Planted horesttasss asec coe 96 

Fig. 2—— The Natural Morest-y.ss- sce eee 96 

XIV. Fig. 1 — Eroded Lands in Southern Maryland............ 104 

Hic. 2/——thes State Horest Nurseries arse einen 104 

DQWg Ties, 1 Moxereniorer in SoM neran WeyadbeyaCl. o5o6560009000080 116 

Bich? —— Pil pywoods tors Ship enter ieee 116 

XVI- Kies! — Loblolly Rime. elon sae orto es eee eee 128 

Fig. 2 — Cypress, and the Cypress Swamp............... 128 


IES WU Olay IGG US) A LOIN S 


THE FORESTS of MARYLAND 


INTRODUCTION. 


THe MaryLAND STATE BoArp or ForEstRY was created in 1906 by 
special legislative Act. Its first, and then most important, task was 
to accurately ascertain the forest conditions and forest needs of 
Maryland. 

To this end a Forest Survey of counties was begun in 1907, though 
with the limited funds at the disposal of the Board it required until 
the summer of 1914 for its completion. The Survey gave an accurate 
and complete inventory of the forest resources and furnished a large 
amount of additional data from which this Report has in large part 
been prepared. The county forest maps—a separate one for each 
county showing the character and extent of forest areas, with the 
approximate stand of timber — are each found with the descriptions 
of the respective counties. The original maps, on a scale of one mile to 
the inch, are reduced to a scale of three miles to the inch for this 
publication, but in the case of Allegany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, 
Frederick, Garrett, Kent, Prince George’s, Washington, and Worees- 
ter counties maps on the larger scale have already been published. 

It is the purpose of this Report to show in condensed form and 
orderly manner our present forest resources, their value to the people 
of the State, and how these resources may best be conserved by wise 
use, not only to supply present needs but to anticipate the needs of 
the future. The methods used in making the Forest Survey, with 
material secured, and manner of its presentation, have all been 
developed along original lines to supply as far as practicable informa- 
tion likely to be of greatest value to the various users of the forest. 

The forest owner, whether he has but a ten-acre woodlot or 
possesses thousands of acres of forest land, wants to know how to 
handle his land for timber production, what products are the most 
valuable and how he can best protect, harvest, and market his timber 
crop. The timber buyer wants to know where he can find timber of 
suitable kind advantageously located. An examination of the various 
county forest maps will show him where the woodlands are located, 
their kinds, and indicate the stand of timber supplemented by the 
forest descriptions of each county. The wood user or manufacturer 
wants to know of sources of supply to help maintain his business or 


10 TuHE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


industry. Here again the forest maps, supplemented by the sum- 
mary of timber products for each county, should serve to indicate local 
production. For the statistician and student of economy much will be — 
found of value. And finally, every one interested in the natural re- 
sources of Maryland will find in the descriptions, maps, and tables 
accurate information concerning them. 

All these should find in this Report upon THE Forests or Mary- 
LAND, with its supplement of county maps and county timber data, 
location of woodlands, their kinds, amounts, and range of forest 
products, an answer to their questions, assistance in the solution of 
local forest problems, and an incentive to a study of the forests. In 
their value of natural products the forest resources of Maryland rank 
second only to agriculture. It is intended that this Report should be a 
hand-book of Maryland’s forests, supplying information which has 
heretofore been inaccessible regarding these great natural resources of 
the State. 


THE FORESTS OF MARYLAND. 


Maryland occupies a central position on the Atlantic Seaboard, and 
with its exceptional inland waterways possesses a location of great 
advantage in a commercial sense. Its natural resources of soil, mine, 
forest and water all contribute to its supremacy. There is probably no 
State in the Union which, on an equal area, has such a diversity of 
products and conditions. In land area Maryland ranks forty-first, and 
twenty-seventh in population among the continental United States. 

Traversing the extreme length of the State from southeast to 
northwest, a distance of 262 miles, there come the flat, sandy land of 
tidewater and mild climate; the rolling hills and varied topography of 
the central part; and finally the mountains and rugged conditions of 
the westernmost section, where the extreme elevation of 3300 feet above 
sea level is attained, and a vigorous climate like that of the north pre- 
vails. As the topography varies, so do the soils and products — from 
the peanuts, figs and sweet potatoes of the south to the buckwheat and 
maple sugar of the north and west. Likewise do the tree species 
change — from the cypress, white cedar, loblolly pine and red gum 
characteristic of the south, to the spruce, white pine, yellow birch and 
sugar maple typical of the north. While practically all of the oaks 
and hickories found in the eastern United States, with numerous other 
important species, occur between. 

The soils over the southeastern third of the State, comprising the 
Coastal Plain Division, present all grades of sands and sandy loam to 
silt loam soils, all resulting from sea deposits. The Central or Pied- 


Extent AND IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS. il 


mont section, in which the soils are derived from granite rock, princi- 
pally consist of loams and clays with rock fragments and gravel, while 
the mountain soils of the western section contain a predominance of 
sandy or stony loam soils in the Blue Ridge section, a larger propor- 
tion of clay and clay loam in the Alleganies. Existent differences in 
soils, topography and elevation account for the great diversity of 
products and conditions prevailing in the State of Maryland. 

The total area of the State is 12,210 square miles, of which 2,319 
square miles are water. The extreme breadth from north to south near 
the eastern shore of the Chesapeake is 128 miles, while it is only about 
2 miles across near Hancock. The land area, comprising 6,330,039 
acres, 9,891 square miles, consists of 2,228,046 acres of woodland, 
representing 35 per cent; 3,222,982 acres of improved farm land, 51 
per cent; 674,955 acres of waste lands, 11 per cent; and 204,056 acres 


of salt marsh land, 3 per cent. This is later shown by counties and in 
more detail. 


EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS. 


The forests of the State are generally distributed, although the 
mountain counties have the largest percentage, the southern and east- 
ern shore counties rank next, and the central counties last. Maryland 
has been settled so long that the land has in the main been assigned to 
its most profitable uses, and hence the mountain section, containing 
a large per cent of high, rocky lands unfit for anything but forestry 
or grazing, has to a large extent remained under a forest cover. Like- 
wise the lands in southern Maryland, located along hillsides or slopes 
of ravines where soil erosion is excessive under cleared conditions, 
have either remained in woodland or, if cleared, have been allowed to 
erow up again in forest. The large wooded areas on the eastern shore 
peninsula are accounted for by the large percentage of swamp land 
which cannot be cultivated, but which will generally support a satis- 
factory growth of forest. In the central and north-central portions of 
the State, where the land is well-drained and fertile, there is the 
largest percentage under cultivation, the forest being confined chiefiy 
to rocky ridges and hillsides, and along the streams. The wooded area 
here is therefore circumscribed, and there is not likely to be a marked 
change in its relationship. It is true that in some sections clearing is 
going on rapidly, but in others there are abandoned fields growing up 
in forest, so that one very nearly offsets the other, and the total re- 
mains about the same. 


EARLY FOREST HISTORY. 


When the first settlers came to Maryland some 275 years ago, 
forest covered the entire land area of the State with the exception of 


12 Tue Forests oF MAryLAnp. 


marshy areas which at that time probably comprised not over 5 per 
cent. These forests were very different from those that now exist. 
The species of trees represented then were much the same as now, but 
their relative proportion has changed materially. The original forests 
were nearly all of the hardwood type; now there is a large proportion 
of pine, especially in sections where land once cleared has been allowed 
to grow up again in forest. 

With the first settlers came fires, which during nearly three 
centuries have destroyed much more timber than has been used. Fire 
was an aid to the settler in clearing his land, and timber, having no 
value at that period, was destroyed in the most effective way. The 
important thing was to get rid of the forest and make way for the 
growing of agricultural crops. The timber in the original forest was 
better and the stands heavier than now exist, and of these virgin for- 
ests there now remain but a very few tracts which probably comprise 
much less than one per cent of the total forest area. The extent of the 
original forests and the need of clearing them away as quickly as possi- 
ble for the growing of food crops inculcated in the minds of those early 
settlers an enmity for the forest which through the successive genera-_ 
tions has not been entirely eradicated. The frontiersman’s spirit of 
cutting down and destroying timber is a spirit which expressed itself 
unconsciously in many ways. To him the forest stood between him and 
the opportunity of getting a living from the soil, and besides had often 
harbored unfriendly Indians and predatory animals. The spirit of 
forest destruction was fostered by economic conditions of the time, and 
while those conditions have entirely changed in the succeeding years, 
a spirit of antagonism to the forest still exists in many ways. 

In making clearings it was common practice then to girdle the 
trees as the easiest method of preparing the ground for crops. With 
the extension of the clearings to include all the best land, timber be- 
came less abundant, while the use.of it greatly increased. The increase 
in population called for large quantities of timber in building log 
houses and in constructing rail fences. This, though, had little effect 
upon the supply, since the timber taken from the clearings more than 
supplied the need. With the building of towns and cities there was a 
greater demand upon the forest, and this gradually developed into a 
stable market requiring timber beyond local needs. It was no longer 
taking the timber as an incident to the clearing of land, for it was at 
this time that forest exploitation actually began. Timber, however, 
was so abundant and cheap that only the best portions of the choicest 
trees were utilized. The problem of transporting the timber over poor 
roads made it cost nearly as much to get it out as it was worth, and 
stumpage values then were almost negligible. 


PLATE II. FIG. 1—ORIGINAL GROWTH OF HEMLOCK. 


The first forests of hemlock in Western Maryland are closely associated with the history of tanning; 
with their decrease, the industry has steadily dwindled in this State. 


PLATE II. FIG. 2——VIRGIN FOREST OF BEECH AND SUGAR MAPLE. 


The still magnificent first-growth forests that once covered in excess of 90 per cent of Maryland now 
represent less than 1 per cent of its total forest cover. 


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Present HKorest CONDITIONS. 13 


The first sawmills consisted of a straight saw operated by water 
power, and working in up-and-down fashion; their capacity under the 
most favorable conditions was less than 1,000 board feet per day. 
These were the days when the hewing of timber for framing and other 
construction purposes was an art universally practiced. Shingles were 
made by splitting the pieces from clear, straight-grained logs of proper 
length, to be shaped down to the proper thinness by hand tools. There 
are a few of the old-fashioned up-and-down mills, with saws operated 
by water power, still in existence in this State. Their cut of timber, 
however, is inconsiderable, and they are now curiosities in the lumber 
business. 

The introduction of circular saws, operated by steam power, was 
a great advance over the water mills, since their capacity was so much 
ereater. This was really the beginning of the lumber business, as 
the small up-and-down sawmills could do little more than supply the 
local demand, and that in a very unsatisfactory way. As improve- 
ments were made in sawmill machinery, its effectiveness in cutting the 
forest was very much increased. The small, low-capacity mills gave 
way to the large, high-powered ones, which could do as much in one 
day as the first mills in several months. Indeed, sawmills and logging 
machinery have been more highly developed in the United States 
than anywhere else in the world, and this is due to the large amount of 
timber available. Under the highly developed system of lumbering it 
did not take a great many years to make serious inroads on the forest ; 
with the introduction and extension of railroad facilities, distant mar- 
kets were opened; and there was no limit to the amount of timber that 
could be disposed of. The forests that were first cut over to remove the 
choicest material were visited again and again, each time taking a 
lower grade of product. It was only in the inaccessible places that 
any amount of timber was left. 

This was a legitimate business, and carried out the universal law 
of supply and demand. Young growth had no market value, and 
therefore received no consideration. It has only been in the last 
twenty years that any attention has been given to the practical appli- 
cation of Forestry, and that in a limited way. 


PRESENT FOREST CONDITIONS. 


Destructive Agencies: The present condition of the forests is the 
result of a number of causes working independently and collectively. 
The forest areas themselves have become fairly fixed, so that no great 
changes are likely to occur in the future, while the limiting of the for- 
est areas has in the past gone through a process of evolution. Like- 
wise, the character of the forest has been changed to such an extent 


14 Tue Forests oF MARYLAND. 


as in most cases to bear little resemblance to its original condition. 
This alteration has been brought about chiefly through four agencies—. 
injudicious cutting, fires, grazing, and tree diseases. All are suscepti- 
ble of prevention or control. 

Injudicious Cutting: For generations a process of culling the 
forests for the best material in them has been going on without inter- 
ruption, the only forests that have escaped this destructive influence 
being those which were so inaccessible as to render lumbering them 
unprofitable at the time. The forests have not only been culled once, 
but some of them four or five times, and each culling has left them in 
worse condition than before. At first only the choicest material was 
removed and an abundant forest cover left, but with each culling the 
forests have constantly deteriorated, until in many cases the ground 
is encumbered with inferior species and worthless material that 
effectively prevent a more valuable growth. To restore normal condi- 
tions the process must be reversed. That is, instead of taking out the 
most valuable trees, the inferior species should be removed first, and 
the former left to reproduce the forest. 

There has also been a large amount of unnecessary waste in the 
removal of timber. Not only has an immense quantity of young 
growth been unnecessarily destroyed, due to careless methods, but a 
study of the subject has shown that about half of the usable part of 
the tree is either left in the woods or wasted in sawing. Not only is 
there a large amount of unnecessary waste, which improved methods 
would find it profitable to use, but this large amount of debris left in 
the woods adds immeasurably to the fire risk. Records show that 
forest fires almost invariably follow lumbering operations. 

Fires: The forest fire damage in Maryland for the past five years, 
from State information, is as follows: 


Year. Amount of Damage. 
WS Ceara OR ata eu $225,801 
OND Raia ce apts tenes 48 212 
TQS tie Mapes eae 42,443 
1a ai See, een en eae ge 129,844 
DOR is tks ae ene 108,966 


Even this, however, is not the full measure of damage, since the 
estimate includes only the timber and trees destroyed, and none of 
the incidental losses that often amount to more than that. The fire 
damage has been greatest in the mountain sections, where there are 
large continuous areas of woodland which become exceedingly dry 
during certain seasons of the year. This mountain land is rough and 


FIRES. 15 


fires are difficult of control, as a fire starting at one end of a mountain 
is likely to extend throughout the whole length unless control measures 
are adopted with reasonable promptness. The State’s system of for- 
est fire protection, through the Forest Wardens, has accomplished 
much in reducing the annual fire damage, and in this respect allow- 
ance should be made in the above figures, because five years ago a 
large number of the fires that occurred were not reported, while now 
there are very few that are not attended and reported by a Forest 
Warden. 


In the central part of the State where most of the woodland is in 
small tracts, with a large percentage of cleared land, the fires are not 
nearly so destructive. They are not as extensive in the first place, be- 
cause of limited wooded areas, and the forests are looked after more 
closely because of their relatively higher value and the greater num- 
ber of people available for fire fighting. In southern Maryland much 
damage is done during exceptionally dry seasons, particularly in the 
spring when brush burning is commonly practiced, but the climate is 
more humid and there is more moisture in the soil, both of which have 
a tendency to reduce fire damage. Fires are less frequent on the east- 
ern shore peninsula than in any other section of the State, due to 
greater humidity and more soil moisture, for much of the land surface 
there is less than 20 feet above sea level. | 


The damage caused by forest fires is not fully appreciated. This is 
one reason why so many are allowed to occur, and that many which do 
occur are given little attention by property owners. Not only do fires 
damage fences and merchantable timber, whose value is more clearly 
recognized, but fires also destroy on the ground the seed which nature 
has provided for the perpetuation of the forest. The accumulated leaf 
hitter and partly decomposed organic matter, so important in conserv- 
ing soil moisture and adding fertility to the soil, are completely 
destroyed, the ground becoming dry and hard. The small seedlings 
are consumed, and where the fire is not intense enough to quickly 
destroy the young growth the bark is burned through on one side, 
exposing the living wood to decay. The tree may continue to grow, 
but the decay also increases, stunting its growth and reducing its tim- 
ber value to a great extent, frequently to the point of making it practi- 
eally worthless. It is these fire-scars on the young trees and also on 
older ones which produce the decay ultimately resulting in hollowed 
trees and many other defects. 


A woodland that is repeatedly burned over by fires constantly 
deteriorates in quality, and the production is greatly reduced or ceases 
entirely. Fire protection is the first requisite for improved conditions 
in woodlots; without it there can be no permanent improvement. 


16 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


Since, however, 90 per cent of the forest fires are the result of care- 
lessness, the situation will improve as rapidly as people are educated 
to the nature and extent of damage caused by forest fires. 

The actual State protective organization consists of 148 Forest 
Wardens (1916) working under the direction of the State Forester. 
Of these Wardens, 17 are Patrolmen, and 3 are Watchmen at Fire 
Lookout Stations. The Forest Wardens receive no salary, but are paid 
for services rendered. They are all men who are interested in fire pro- 
tection, and who in this way are giving the State a most valuable serv- 
ice in a conscientious, disinterested way, and with small compensation. 
The effectiveness of their work is attested by the number of fires at- 
tended and extinguished and the decreasing areas burned during the 
past two years. The system of fire protection now in operation in 
Maryland is as effective as it is possible to make it without increased 
appropriations. 

Forest Patrolmen are Forest Wardens who are detailed for patrol 
work during the seasons of greatest fire danger, which occur in the 
spring and fall. On days when the fire danger is greatest these men, 
usually mounted, are constantly on patrol duty, covering all parts of 
their districts and paying particular attention to those sections where. 
fires are most likely to occur. On patrol they are not only constantly 
on the alert for fires, but also caution those who are likely to be care- 
less, and in other ways secure the co-operation of people in their dis- 
tricts in suppressing the fire danger. 

There are two kinds of Lookout Stations in use, one where the 
Forest Warden is constantly on duty, on dry days, during the fire sea- 
son; and the other where observations are made by a Warden from 
some lookout point three times during the day — morning, noon, and 
evening. Of them, one of the former, and two of the latter, are at 
present in use. Each Lookout Station is connected by telephone with 
the surrounding territory, so that when a fire is discovered its location 
is determined as definitely as possible and immediately reported to the 
Warden nearest the fire, who then goes to it at once, employing assist- 
ants where needed to bring it under control. In sections where there 
is good telephone connection, these Lookout Stations have been of in- 
estimable service in locating fires, limiting the cost of extinguishing 
them, and reducing the amount of damage done. 

Under Section 2 of the Weeks Law (Act of March 1, 1911), there 
is available for the different States which maintain forest fire organi- 
zations, and are expending money in fire protection, certain allotments 
for the payment of Forest Patrolmen and Lookout Watchmen, on 
condition that the State will expend at least an equal amount in fire 
protection. Maryland and the U. S. Forest Service have in this way 


I wine 


as 


Ly 


if, 
Saf, 


: 


PLATE III. FIG. 1—FIRE SPREADING THROUGH A HARDWOOD FOREST. 
The ground fire, starting in leaves and brush, soon extends to the forest growth. While the fire may 
not assume the proportions of a “‘crown’’ one, impoverished soil, destroyed reproduction, 


and damage to the large trees all result directly from burning of this character. 


EXAMPLES OF FOREST PROTECTION AND FOREST DESTRUCTION. 
Since 1906, under 


PLATE III. FIG. 2. 
The original forest was destroyed by repeated fires, as evidenced by dead, white stubs. 
State Forest Protection, fires have been prevented, and the waste mountain-side 

is returning to forest. 


iy 
4 
i} 
i 
a 
G 
; 


GRAZING. 17 


been in successful co-operation since the autumn of 1911. Through 
Act of the 1916 Legislature, with specific appropriation available 
October 1, 1916, for fire protective work, greater Federal aid has been 
secured. The State has also been able to generally extend this work, 
with the promise of increased efficiency. 

Grazing: The practice of using woodlots for pasture is common 
throughout the State, but particularly so in the Piedmont and in the 
mountain sections of Garrett County. In the mountain forests, 
especially in those of Garrett, cattle, sheep, and hogs are allowed to 
range freely on unfenced lands. Under the conditions, grazing in 
itself does no particular damage to the forest, since stock has such a 
wide range that close grazing is not possible. But the chief damage 
is incidental to grazing, and lies in the deliberate setting of fires in 
the woodlands to burn off the forest and promote a growth of grass. 
The enforcement of the fire laws, together with the increase of the 
farming interests of the county, is lessening this practice to the extent 
that marked improvement locally has been observed in the last four 
years. 

As a local forest problem, the use of woodlands for pasture may be 
worked out with a fair degree of accuracy. It is an established fact 
that a woodlot will not serve satisfactorily as pasture land, and at the 
same time perform its greatest function in timber and wood produc- 
tion. The one is inimical to the other. If the woodland is fully 
stocked, as it must be for greatest wood production, then the ground 
will be so completely utilized and shaded by forest cover as to prevent 
the growth of grass or other forage; on the other hand, if the wood- 
land is sufficiently open to permit a growth of grass, then it will not 
produce a full crop of timber and it is only a question of time until 
the tree growth disappears. The effect of pasturing is primarily to 


- destroy the small seedlings and younger reproduction which nature 


has provided for the renewal of the forest and the maintenance of its 
proper density. The soil is packed by the trampling of cattle and 
becomes hard and dry. Open places soon appear in the forest, and 
if this destruction of reproduction is permitted to continue even the 
growth of the larger trees will be seriously hampered. Instead of 
timber with long, clear stems, the trees will be short, limby, and of 
poor quality. 

There are, of course, some advantages in the use of the woodlot for 
eattle other than in the pasturing that it affords; as, for example, a 
place where they may escape the hot sun, and where they may be able 
to brush off troublesome insects. Under certain conditions these uses 
may not be particularly detrimental to the woodlot itself. In a wood- 
lot fully stocked with young growth which has reached a sufficient 


18 Tue Forests of MARYLAND. 


height to be out of the reach of cattle, the ensuing damage, if any, will 
be very slight, unless the soil itself is damaged by excessive pasturing. — 
This problem must, therefore, be solved by carefully weighing the 
relative values of the woodlot for pasture or for wood production, and 
the one which is least important must be sacrificed to the other. It 
should be understood that they cannot be successfully combined, and 
it is for the owner to decide between them. 


TREE DISEASES. 


There are a number of insects and fungous diseases affecting forest 
trees, some of which have done an immense amount of damage locally 
in recent years, and others which have been destructive at different 
periods. It will not be possible within the limits of this report to treat 
the subject with any amount of detail, but information regarding the 
different diseases, their life histories, habits, and methods of control, 
so far as they have been worked out, may be obtained in special publi- 
cations issued by this Department or by the Federal Government.* 

Insect INJURIES. 


4 


The most important insects affecting forest trees are the Locust 
Borer, the Locust Leaf Miner, the Two-Lined Chestnut Borer, and the 
Pine Bark Beetle. None of these insects are of wide distribution in 
the State and they have not done a very great amount of damage. 
They may of course at any time increase to an alarming extent under 
favorable conditions, but ordinarily they are held in check by natural 
enemies or other adverse conditions. Mention is not made here of the 
numerous insects which feed upon shade trees and often do great dam- 
age; though some of them attack the trees in the forest, they are not 
sufficiently destructive to be classified and described as forest insects. 

The Locust Borer, Cyllene robimae, is found throughout the State, 
but is most destructive in the central portion, where it attacks locust 
trees of all sizes, boring into the wood, often honeycombing it, causing 
the trees to have dead patches on the surface, and rendering them 
liable to destruction in storms or by having branches broken off. Like 
practically all other boring insects, they are difficult to reach and 
little can be done toward their control. In sections where the Locust 
Borer is at all destructive it is not advisable to plant locust, nor to 
depend upon it as a forest tree. 

The Locust Leaf Miner, Odontota dorsalis, was particularly active 
and widespread in Maryland during 1912-1915. Its work is charac- 
teristically shown by the brown appearance of the foliage of locust 


* Samples of insects and fungi sent to the State Forester will, wherever possible, be 
identified, and advice given as to methods of control. 


TREE DISEASES. 19 


trees after the middle of July. The adults feed upon the tender 
parts of the leaf during early summer, while the larvae feed upon the 
under surface of the leaves, eating away the more delicate portions 
between the larger veins and taking out the green portions between the 
epidermal layers. This causes the rusty appearance of the trees, very 
much as though they were dying; many of the leaves in fact, do fall. 
Since the foliage is not usually attacked by the larvae until the middle 
of July, when the trees have made their principal growth, the insects 
have not so far caused a great amount of damage. The trees leaf out 
again next spring as usual, and aside from retarding the growth in the 
latter part of the season, and the disfigured appearance of the trees, 
no serious consequence is the result. The disease was apparently much 
more pronounced in 1913 and 1914 than was the case in 1915, and 
scarcely noticeable in 1916, indicating that it passes through certain 
cycles, in common with most insect pests. There appears to be no prac-- 
tical remedy for dealing with the disease under forest conditions, al- 
though in the case of shade trees spraying early in the season, to 
poison the leaf-eating adults, is beneficial. Since the larvae feed be- 
tween the epidermal layers of the leaf and cannot be reached by a 
spray, it seems impracticable to attack them at that stage. 

The Two-Lined Chestnut Borer, Agrilus bilineatus, is believed to 
have caused considerable damage to chestnut in southern Maryland, 
and also to be responsible for killing many oak trees. The insect 
operates just under the bark of the tree, making galleries from six to 
ten inches long, which run more or less horizontally around it. When 
the tree is attacked by a number of these insects it is quickly girdled. 
The name of this borer is derived from the appearance of the adult 
beetle, which appears during May and early June. It is about three- 
eighths of an inch long, black in color, and marked with two yellowish 
lines extending longitudinally along the back. It has one or more 
parasites which apparently are holding it in check, so that the amount 
of damage done has not been considerable as yet. 


Funcous DISEASES. 


Among the fungous tree diseases of the State the only one of far- 
reaching importance is the Chestnut Blight—Diaporthe parasitica. 
It is not known for how many years this disease has been present in 
Maryland, but it was observed in 1910 as a particularly virulent dis- 
ease that was spreading rapidly in the northeastern part of the State. 

This parasitic growth was probably introduced from China, and 
has spread more rapidly and caused more damage than any other 
tree disease in the country. It affects only the chestnut and chinqua- 
pin, attacking trees of all sizes, and while the attack is usually in the 


20 THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


tops and branches, no portion is immune. It is disseminated by means 
of spores carried by the wind, insects, or other agencies, and the spores 
germinate in cracks or abrasions of the bark, sending their root-like 
structure into the inner bark and developing a canker which soon 
encircles the portion of the tree attacked, causing its death. It only 
works in the inner bark and one or two outer rings of the wood, so 
that the timber itself is not destroyed, and may be used if utilization 
takes place before natural decay begins. More time and effort have 
been expended in an endeavor to control this disease than any other 
that has been introduced, but so far they have been without avail, and 
the only course to pursue is that of cutting and utilizing the trees 
before they are completely killed and much less merchantable. 

This is one of the parasitic fungi which attack living trees, and 
while there are a number of others that are more or less common, 
such as peridermium, which attacks the Scrub Pine, they are of so 
little importance as to require no special mention in a report of this 
character. 

IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES. 


Of the great variety of commercially valuable timber trees found 
in the State it is difficult to select those of commanding importance. 
The variety is so great as to enable the State to furnish material for 
all uses except those in which tropical woods are required, and 
while many kinds of Maryland wood have occupied a very important 
place in numerous industries, the exhaustion of virgin forests with 
their high-grade material has created the impression among users of 
timber that satisfactory supplies from this State are no longer avyail- 
able. 

It is true that large supplies of a single kind of material are not 
easily obtained at any one point, but a better understanding of the 
available supplies in different parts of the State, with improved 
methods of exchange will, it is believed, help to overcome this diffi- 
culty. There have been numerous instances of manufacturers import- 
ing woods at a high cost, where equally good supplies might have 
been secured within the State at greatly reduced prices. In one case a 
large wood-user had imported a special kind of wood from Michigan 
at considerable expense until he found that a species, native to this 
State and common to his own county, though not generally used, was 
just as good for his purpose, and could be obtained at one-third of the 
cost. 

NATIVE FOREST TREES. 


There are 70 species of trees in the State which may be classed as 
such, although some of them are of very little importance. In the 


PLATE ITV. FIG. 1—FIRE PROTECTION ON MOUNTAIN LAND. 


The State’s fire tower on Meadow Mountain, Garrett County, overlooks 150,000 acres of woodland, 
and is connected by telephone with the various Forest Wardens. 


Uk aa 
a a 


Native Forrest TREES. ill 


tabulated lst below an attempt has been made to lst the trees 
according to their commercial importance, and to indicate in which 
sections of the State each is found. 

For this purpose the State is taken in four divisions: Western 
Maryland—Garrett, Allegany, Washington and Frederick Counties; 
Central Maryland—Carroll, Baltimore, Harford, Upper Cecil, How- 
ard and Montgomery Counties; Southern Maryland—Prince George’s, 
Anne Arundel, Charles, St. Mary’s and Calvert Counties; and Kast- 
ern Shore Maryland — Lower Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne’s, Talbot, 
Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset and Worcester Counties. 

In the table Western Maryland is indicated by the initial W, Cen- 
tral Maryland by the initial C, Southern Maryland by the initial S, 
and the Eastern Shore by the initial EL. 


1 


Species: Common Name. 
White Oaks: 


Botanical Name. Distribution. 


White Oak Quercus alba C. E.S. W. 
Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus C. W. 
Post Oak Quercus minor C. W. 
Swamp White Oak Quereus plantanoides C.E.S. 
Cow Oak Quercus michauxil 1D 
Red Oaks: 
Red Oak Quercus rubra C.S. W. 
Black Oak Quercus velutina C.S. W. 
Searlet Oak Quereus coccinea C.S. W. 
Spanish Oak Quercus digitata CiS5 W: 
Pin Oak Quercus palustris CoB aS: 
Willow Oak Quercus phellos C. ELS. 
Black Jack Oak Quercus marilandica (aise WWE 
Water Oak Quercus nigra Colin: 
Chestnut Castanea dentata C.S. W. 
Yellow Pines: 
Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda E. 
Serub Pine Pinus virginiana C.8. 
Pitch Pine Pinus rigida Cc. S. W 
Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata Cs: 
Table Mountain Pine Pinus pungens W. 
Tulip Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera OC. E.S. W 
Hickories : 
Mockernut Hickory Hicoria alba C.S. W. 
Shagbark Hickory Hicoria ovata C. W. 
Pignut Hickory Hicoria glabra C.S. W. 
Bitternut Hickory Hicoria minima C. W. 


Tur Forests or MARYLAND. 


Species: Common Name. 


Hickories: 
Small Pignut Hickory 
Shellbark Hickory 
Red Gum 
Black Walnut 
White Pine 
Maples: 
Sugar Maple 
Red Maple 
Silver Maple 
Striped Maple 
Mountain Maple 
Black Gum 
Ashes: 
White Ash 
Black Ash 
Red Ash 
Birches: 
Yellow Birch 
River Birch 
Black Birch 
Beech 
Basswood 
Cucumber 
Sycamore 
Elms: 
White Elin 
Slippery Elm 
Hemlock 
Black Locust 
Red Cedar 
Cherries: 
Black Cherry 
Wild Red Cherry 
Butternut 
Bald Cypress 
Sassafras 
Persimmon 
Red Mulberry 
White Cedar 
Spruces: 
Black Spruce 
Red Spruce 


Botanical Name. 


Hicoria odorata 

Hicoria laciniosa 
Liquidambar styracifiua 
Juglans nigra 

Pinus strobus 


Acer saccharum 
Acer rubrum 

Acer saccharinum 
Acer pennsylvanicum 
Acer spicatum 

Nyssa sylvatica 


Fraxinus americana 
Fraxinus nigra 
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 


Betula lutea 

Betula nigra 

Betula lenta 

Fagus americana 
Tilia americana 
Magnolia acuminata 
Platanus occidentalis 


Ulmus americana 
Ulmus pubescens 
Tsuga canadensis 
Robinia pseudacacia 
Juniperus virginiana 


Prunus serotina 
Prunus pennsylvanica 
Juglans cinerea 
Taxodium distichum 
Sassafras sassafras 
Diospyros virginiana 
Morus rubra 
Chamaecyparis thyoides 


Picea mariana 
Picea rubens 


Distribution. 


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Native Forrest TREES. 23 


Species: Common Name. Botanical Name. Distribution. 
Willows: 

Black Willow Sahx nigra C.S. 

Sandbar Willow Salix fluviatilis RK. 

White Willow Salix alba C.E.S. W. 
Dogwood Cornus florida C. H.S. W. 
Holly Tlex opaca C. E.S. W. 
Blue Beech Carpinus caroliniana C. B.S. W. 
Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana C. W. 
Redbud Cercis canadensis C. W. 
Tamarack C Larix laricina WwW 
Poplars: 

Aspen Populus tremuloides WwW 

Poplar Populus grandidentata C.S. W. 

Swamp Cottonwood Populus heterophylla 0. E. 8. 
Hackberry Celtis occidentalis C. EB. W. 


THe Forests oF MARYLAND. 


THE LAND AREA OF MARYLAND. 


Classified According to Present Use* 


| | | ] 
COUNTIES pea 72 eee | TES ag, na % | ed 
| Land | | Land | Area 
Mlerany senses See 163,832) 62 70,513|26| 32,018 12| EO | .-| 266,363 
Anne Arundel....... 92,266) 34 139,127 50| 41,891) 15| 1,216} 1| 274,500 
Baltimore es <5 022 -- 103,515/24) 230,471/58) 65,739|17 3,456} 1) 403,181 
Calvert) 2sachtacasc 62,390 |45 74,128 |53 2,046) 2 768/..| 139,332 
Carolane winnie 62,834/30) 128,206)62) 15,646) 7 1,664} 1] 208,350 
Carroll syimtcwee eee 39,292}13| 225,598/76| 31,139)11).....-. 296,029 
Geil woes see a site 53,543 |/24| 140,980 62| 24,514/11 4,160 223,197 
Charles) ssxsescreciiacrs 171,547 |59 60,969/21| 43,886 15) 14,144| 5| 290,546 
Dorchester) =. 2...) 138,291 37 123,679 /|34| 27,851) 8) 78,848|21| 368,669 
HMrederick, 220350220 91,117/21| 301,430|70| 40,583] 9)....... -| 433,130 
Garretts jee 274,483163| 122,318|/28| 39,820] 9|....... .| 436,621 
Marfordt > acne ees 81,872|29| 171,473|60| 22,432) 9 7,232| 2| 283,009 
foward! is aecterpeeieecye 38,644/25| 114,027|71 GV7A|; Aline ceca .| 159,442 
Went) (is s.nezmiecie sere 33,776/19 139,786|77 1,254) 1 5,056) 3) 179,872 
Montgomery ........ 68,821 \29 209,153|70 PEED Meosacs 302,881 
Prince George’s..... 127,200)41 154,414/50) 25,130] 9 128}..| 306,872 
Queen Anne’s....... 59,270|26| 131,607|57| 38,013)16 2,880) 1) 231,770 
Sty-Manyesys-4-cc ree 119,080|51 98,247 |42 15,804 7| 832|..| 233,963 
SOMEFSety cay. cierecrers ce 68,387 | 25 76,449 |28| 84,864|31| 43,480)16 273,180 
Talbot) sycrcjeyewrss cre 45,822|29 87,643|55| 21,923 14} 3,392) 2} 158,780 
Washington ........ 72,274|24| 191,842|63 A 0061'S) Resaeeer fee | 305,122 
WEED KK) A 55650050¢ | 111,608 |46 109,092 45 7,431 3| 14,144 6 242,275 
Worcester sa2-ces ese 148,182 (47 121,830/40 20,287} 6| 22,656 7 312,955 
The State) -sa-4-s-0 2,228,046| 35 3,222,982|51| 674,955/11 204,056! 3 {6,330,039 
*Note: Areas of salt marsh land — Conservation Commission, Maryland. 


Improved farm land — Dept. of Agriculture, U. S. 
Wooded area and waste land — Siate Board of Forestry, Maryland. 


PLATE V. FIG. 1-—DESTRUCTION OF CHESTNUT BY THE BLIGHT. 


The Chestnut Blight has killed a large percentage of the chestnut in hardwood forests, from New 
England to Maryland; and the end’ of the destruction of this species has not yet been 
reached in the State. It is no longer a question of prevention, but of utilization. 


PLATE V. FIG. 2—A CULLED FOREST, WITH LOGGING WASTE, IN 
SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 


The net result of careless lumbering is the stand culled of its best; and the natural consequence of 
waste like this is the forest fire, 


Bo ene 
PaaS 


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Pa 


PrinciepaL Uses or THE ForgEstTSs. 25 


PRINCIPAL USES OF THE FOREST. 


The most important use of the forest, here, as elsewhere, is for 
Lumber. The production for 1914 amounted to 229,027,500 board 
feet, 129,105,500 board feet being hardwood, and 99,922,000 pine, 
with a very small proportion of hemlock. This represents a value at 
the mills of $3,823,463. There are only a few large stationary mills 
in the State, the bulk of the lumber being cut by portable mills of 
varying size and kind, whose capacity usually runs from 4,000 to 12,- 
000 board feet daily. These mill operators engage in buying timber 
lots, and move from place to place as new tracts are found. Most of 
the pine lumber is cut in thé eastern shore and southern sections of 
the State, while the bulk of the hardwood comes from central and 
western Maryland. 

The lumber production of the State has decreased in the last few 
years because of the exhaustion of large stumpage holdings in the 
western part of the State, so that now the lumber business is more 
generally distributed but not so important. It is believed, however, 
that a more stable condition has been reached, and that the present cut 
may be continued for many years, or actually increased under better 
systems of forest management. With reduced supplies of stumpage 
and increased prices, there is a strong tendency toward closer cutting 
and utilization to a smaller diameter limit. 

Pulpwood.—While the pulpwood business ranks next in import- 
ance to that of lumber, with a value of $444,029 and a cut of 74,002 
long cords as reported in 1914, its field of activity is much more local- 
ized, as two-thirds of the production is from five southern Maryland 
counties—Prinece George’s, Charles, Anne Arundel, St. Mary’s and 
Calvert. Fully nine-tenths of the pulpwood is furnished by three 
species, Scrub Pine, Red Gum and Tulip Poplar. 

Serub Pine, a tree which comes in quickly on abandoned fields in 
southern Maryland, and which up to twelve years ago had no value 
except for cordwood, is now the most extensively used for pulpwood, 
making up practically two-thirds of the total production. The trees 
are generally cut during late spring and summer, when they peel 
most readily. The bark is removed, and the stems are cut into five- 
foot sections. After remaining piled in the woods until they have be- 
come partially seasoned, the wood is hauled to railroad or water ship- 
ping points and sent to the various pulp mills, generally to be shipped 
outside of the State. Practically all of the wood is handled by dealers 
who usually buy it on the stump, having the cutting and piling done 
by day labor or by contract. 

Red Gum, a timber tree growing in swampy land in the southern 
part of the State, is also extensively used for pulpwood, and with tulip 


26 THE Forests of MARYLAND. 


poplar, which makes the best pulpwood of any of the native species 
and is cut for the purpose over a wider area than any other, forms 
most of the remaining third of the total output. 

Railroad Ties.—The 925,392 railroad ties valued at $440,685, as re- 
ported in 1914, indicate the importance of this business. Railroad ties 
are cut in all parts of the State, although the Eastern Shore section 
contributes but a small per cent, and since little capital is required to 
produce them and they are salable at the nearest railroad point, there 
are great numbers of producers. A ready market and little expense of 
manufacture stimulate the cutting of a great many small, thrifty trees 
for this use before they have reached the most profitable merchantable 
size. 

White oak, always a preferred tie material, formerly constituted 
the larger part of the product, but it is now becoming scarce, and 
other oaks are being largely substituted, especially where preservative 
treatment is possible. The principal species used are white oak, red 
oak (several species), chestnut, and a small per cent of pine. 

Piling—The counties bordering the Chesapeake Bay and _ its 
tributaries contribute the great bulk of the piling that is produced in 
the State. Of the amount produced probably three-fourths is oak, and 
the remainder principally pine. White oak, because of its greater 
strength and durability, brings a higher price, but several of the red 
oaks, particularly pin oak, which generally produces long, straight 
stems suitable for the purpose, are much used. Pine is the cheapest 
and most easily obtained in desired shapes, but it is the least durable. 

Cordwood.—The 85,355 cords of wood valued at $270,380, report- 
ed as sold in 1914, represent but a small portion of the wood used in 
the State, since no account was made of that cut and used for home 
consumption. Of the amount produced, approximately one-third was 
hardwood, chiefly oak and chestnut, while the remainder was princi- 
pally pine. It is a low-grade product which cannot be profitably ship- 
ped for any great distance, and therefore the principal markets are 
found in the nearby towns where the local demand is usually supplied 
directly to the consumer by the adjacent landowners. 

Mine Props.—This industry is confined principally to two widely 
separated sections of the State—the eastern shore peninsula and 
western Maryland—and the size of props, woods used, and method of 
sale are entirely different in the two localities. In the Eastern Shore 
section loblolly pine forms practically the entire output, and props 27 
to 36 feet long are cut from the larger trees. 

Trees ordinarily used for this purpose are from 14 to 20 inches in 
diameter, and the product is generally sold by the ton. The props are 
shipped to the anthracite coal fields and there cut into suitable lengths. 


bo 
“4 


PrincieaAu Uses oF THE FOREST. 


The production for this section, as reported in 1914, was 56,787 tons. 
Since the trees cut for mine props are also of a suitable size for saw 
timber, the two uses are competing, and the length of haul is generally 
the determining factor. The mine props cannot be hauled profitably 
for as great a distance as lumber, and therefore where the haul ex- 
ceeds three miles the product generally goes into saw timber instead 
of mine props. 

The other section of the State where the cutting of mine props is 
an important business is in the vicinity of the coal fields in western 
Maryland. The mine prop output coming from the three westernmost 
counties, Garrett, Allegany and Washington, amounted in 1914 to 
46,550 tons. The props used, however, in the coal mines of western 
Maryland are very different from those produced in the southeastern 
part of the State, particularly in the size of the trees cut for the pur- 
pose, and that all species of suitable size are cut. Round props, meas- 
uring four inches at the top and varying in length from eight to 
twelve feet, are required, and a great variety of wood is used. In the 
logging operations here the very small trees, left after lumbering for 
saw timber or for railroad ties, are cut into mine props which are sold 
at a price little more than covering the cost of production and freight, 
with little, if any, allowance for stumpage value. 

A few of the large-sized mine props are cut in southern Maryland 
from Scrub Pine, but they form a very small per cent of the total pro- 
duction for the State. 

Tan Bark.—Tan Bark was produced in seven of the western and 
central counties of the State in 1914, the total production being 
34,360 tons, valued at $253,510. Of this, hemlock constituted nearly 
two-thirds of the total production, oak, principally chestnut oak, 
the remainder. The amount of bark produced in this section 
was very much greater a few years ago, but with the exhaustion of the 
main timber supplies the production of bark has decreased with that 
of lumber, of which it may be termed a by-product. There are now 
three large tanneries in the State, and a few small ones, which receive 
most of their supply of bark from Maryland. For the past twenty 
years there has been a sharp decline in this industry, due to the rapid 
exhaustion of chestnut oak and hemlock timber supplies. 

Staves and Heading.—This represents a production of 30,389,019 
pieces valued at $223,931, and reported from five counties. About 
half of the number were barrel staves and headings, the remainder 
keg staves and headings. Pine constituted nine-tenths of the wood 
used, and of the remainder, consisting of several species, chestnut was 
the most important. The barrel staves were principally for oyster and 
vegetable containers, the bulk of them being used locally, while prac- 


28 THe Forests or MAaryuaAnp. 


tically all of the keg staves were sent out of the State, their principal 
use being for nails, bolts, horseshoes, ete. In cutting keg staves small 
trees are often utilized, the most desirable size being from six to eight 
inches in diameter. The tops are utilized to a diameter of three inches. 

Poles.—The cut of poles reported was 62,135, with a value of $180,- 
042. Practically all of the western, central and southern counties con- 
tributed to this output, of which nearly all was chestnut, the only ex- 
ception being 4,000 white cedar and cypress poles cut along the Poco- 
moke River and its tributaries in Worcester and Wicomico Counties. 
~ Many small poles are used in local telephone lines, but the bulk of 
them are shipped out of the State. The Chestnut Blight, which is so 
seriously affecting the chestnut trees, has forced great quantities of 
chestnut on the market in the past few years, causing over-production 
with resulting low prices. 

Shingles —The 13,842,000 shingles valued at $45,901, and cut in 
1914, were principally chestnut, with a small amount of white pine 
in the western part of the State and cypress in the southeastern. sec- 
tion. All except three counties of the State reported a cut of shingles, 
but in only three of them did the cut exceed 1,000,000, viz: Mont- 
gomery, Frederick and Howard, in which all the shingles were chest- 
nut. These were cut either by portable sawmills, many of which are 
equipped for their manufacture, or by individually operated shingle 
machines. 

Lath.—14,837,000 lath were cut in 1914, with a value of $45,282. 
The cut was distributed over nearly all of the counties, Allegany, 
Dorchester, Garret, Wicomico and Worcester each reporting a mil- 
lion or more. Pine was the species almost universally used, and in 
nearly every case the lath were cut from material not suited for lum- 
ber, so that they may be regarded as more or less a by-product of the 
lumber mills. 

Mine Ties —This product is only reported from the three western- 
most counties of the State, in the mining region. The total output was 
260,000, valued at $39,000. Low-grade material too small for saw 
timber was generally used. A variety of species enter into the pyro- 
duet, but the principal kinds are birch, maple and several kinds. of 
oak, the latter supplying the bulk of the cut. 

Posts.—The total production—133,645 posts, valued at $20,587— 
was a local product reported in nearly every county of the State. Most 
of them were sold locally and consisted principally of locust, cedar 
and chestnut. 

Export Logs.—Vhis product consists of large, choice logs of wal- 
nut, poplar, oak, and a few other valuable species, culled from the 
forests, shipped to Baltimore, and there exported in the rough. The 


9161 


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Speciian Uses or THE Forest. 29 


production reported recently is 329,000 board feet annually, valued 
at $9,870. It is shipped in the log, because it takes a lower customs 
duty and is the more readily available for the various forms into 
which it is finally manufactured. Most of it is used for veneer, ex- 
cept walnut, which is largely and increasingly used for gun stocks. 
Six counties within a radius of 50 miles of Baltimore reported ship- 
ents of export logs in 1914. 

Pinwood.—The only county in the State to report this product was 
Washington County, with 440 cords valued at $3,960. For this pur- 
pose locust is used, cut into lengths of approximately 4 feet, and sold 
by the cord to a large establishment at Hagerstown which produces 
considerable quantities of insulator pins. Though red oak also is 
somewhat used, black locust constitutes the chief source of the tele- 
eraph pin manufacturer’s wood supply. 


SPECIAL USES OF THE FOREST. 


Among the special uses of the forests not directly associated with 
timber production are the growing of basket willow, the production of 
maple sirup and sugar, and the manufacture of charcoal. These are 
all uses and products that may more properly be classed under the 
forest than any other division, and while they are somewhat localized, 
they nevertheless comprise important industries. 

Willow Production—tThe growing of basket willows is an import- 
ant industry in the vicinity of Baltimore. The other centres are 
Lansdowne, Halethorpe, Elkridge and Laurel, with scattered planta- 
tions at Frederick, Buckeystown, Rosedale, Catonsville and Crowns- 
ville. Three kinds of willow are used—the Lemley, American Green, 
and Welsh—and instead of being permitted to grow to tree form they 
are annually cut back to near the surface of the ground. The rods 
which represent a season’s growth are from 4 to 10 feet in length, are 
cut during the winter, peeled, and sold to basket makers and dealers 
by the pound. The production reported in 1914 amounted to 400,000 
pounds, valued at $30,000. Due to the widespread cutting off of im- 
ports from Europe during this year and several following, willow 
growing in this country, including Maryland, has been markedly 
stimulated. 

Maple Sirup and Sugar.—The Sugar Maple is a tree indigenous 
to mountain sections, occurring locally over restricted areas in Gar- 
rett County. The principal stands are in the vicinity of Grantsville 
and Bittinger, with very much smaller ones near Hoyes Run and the 
southwestern part of the county. It is the practice in these sections, 
in cutting woodlands where Sugar Maple constitutes a considerable 
percentage of the stand, to take out all but these trees, which then are 


30 THe Forests oF MARYLAND. 


left in the form of sugar groves or ‘‘camps.’’ More recently, how- 
ever, advancing prices paid for Sugar Maple timber have resulted in 
the cutting down of many of these fine old groves. 

The maple trees, of course, are tapped each spring, the amount of 
sugar or sirup produced depending upon the season. The Census 
reported for 1909 a production of 351,908 pounds of sugar valued at 
$24,985, and 12,172 gallons of sirup worth $9,401, making a total of 
$34,386 for the product of approximately 80,000 trees. It is probable 
that this production has been maintained on an average since 1909, 
~ and the value of the product has increased because of the higher price 
now obtaining for both sugar and sirup. 

Charcoal——The production of charcoal is not as important as it 
was some years ago, due to changes in the industries in which it was 
formerly used. But three counties—Anne Arundel, Cecil and Charles 
—reported a production which amounted to 95,000 bushels, valued at 
$9,500. Up to fifty years ago, and for more than a century before, 
the cutting of wood for charcoal production was a very important 
business, as it was then used extensively in iron manufacture in sey- 
eral different sections of the State. 

For example, the Principio Furnace, which is, except for the Muir- 
kirk Furnace in Prince George’s County, the only one now operated 
in the State though to a very limited extent, formerly used large quan- 
tities of the charcoal produced from its 10,000 acres of woodland. The 
Princip.o Company was organized in 1722, and in 1774 the Catoctin 
Furnace, in the mountains of the same name, was built. The latter 
ceased to operate about 20 years ago, though it also had large holdings 
of woodland comprising nearly 10,000 acres, which it had cut over 
periodically for charcoal production. The Green Spring Furnace, in 
the vicinity of Fairview Mountain, likewise discontinued operations, 
in 1873, but during its active period, covering twenty-five years, it 
used the entire product of its 7,000 acres of woodland for charcoal 
production. Harford Furnace, on a branch of Bush River; another, 
at The Rocks in Harford County ; and still other smaller ones, all con- 
tributed to the charcoal industry. 


THE WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 


The industries producing wood and timber maintain a greater 
number of establishments than any other in this State, and normally 
there is but one industry in Maryland where the value of the prod- 
ucts, and the number of dependent wage-earners, exceed those of the 
lumber business and allied trades. Together they operate 1,168 es- 
tablishments, employ 16,790 men, and have an output valued at $31,- 
381,837. Under the head of production are included mills which 


FIG. 1—THE PASTURED WOODLOT. 


Over-grazing of this stand has resulted fatally for reproduction, and there has been 
soil cover and an almost total absence of all new growth. 


PLATE VI. 
caused a thin 


SSR eae 


a 


4 ert 


see = 


PLATE VI. FIG. 2.—THE PROTECTED WOODLOT. 


Protection from fires and elimination of grazing are soon evident. Note the healthy young 
growth, good ground cover, and thrifty growing condition. 


a i, 


Tue Woop-Usine INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. ait 


manufacture rough lumber, shingles, cooperage materials; finished 
lumber, sash, doors, blinds, and interior finish; and wooden packing 
boxes. These, together with the additional operators producing ties, 
poles, posts, and similar forest products, have 845 separate establish- 
ments and plants, employ 9,838 men, and produce goods worth $14,- 
874,837. Those allied concerns which carry further the manufacture 
of these wood products include the paper and wood pulp trade, ship- 
building, furniture and refrigerators, canes and umbrellas, musical 
instruments, carriages, wagons and automobiles, cigar boxes, baskets, 
rattan and willow ware, cooperage and miscellaneous manufactures. 
They maintain 323 plants with 7,942 employees, and have an annual 
product whose value was placed by the Thirteenth Census at $17,- 
507,000. In explanation it may be said that while the last-named in- 
dustries do not use wood exclusively in making up their output, they 
supply products, nevertheless, in which wood constitutes a large share 
of all the raw material converted. 

A thorough investigation begun in 1909 by the Maryland State 
Board of Forestry and the United States Forest Service disclosed that 
Maryland wood-using or manufacturing industries then in operation 
were annually converting into finished products 284,346,895 feet of 
raw material in the shape of rough lumber. Twenty per cent, ap- 
proximately, was State-grown, and eighty per cent supplied from 
States and countries outside. Its cost at the factory was $5,878,631, 
averaging $20.67 per thousand feet. The average price for State- 
grown woods was $14.44 per thousand; for those from outside, $22.25. 
This is explained by the higher freight rates obtaining on the latter, 
and partly by the fact that woods not grown in Maryland, but sold 
here, were generally of higher grade than those locally produced and 
marketed. 

Woods used differed widely in amounts and kinds—from 130,699,- 
500 board feet of loblolly pine, 27,889,000 feet of longleaf, and 22,030, 
800 feet of white oak, to 25 feet of Turkish boxwood. Only 25 per 
cent of this loblolly was Maryland-grown, none of the longleaf, and 
but 15 per cent of the oak. Locust and dogwood were the only two in 
a list of 54 species used commercially to have the distinction of being 
produced altogether in Maryland. Pitch pine, red gum, and chestnut 
were very nearly so, however. Regarding the disposition of those great 
amounts of wood which are brought in to be manufactured here, it 
may be said that makers of boxes, crates and packing cases absorb 
a greater amount of wood than any other single industry, nearly 48 
per cent of the total consumption being so used. Interior finish fol- 
lows with 28 per cent; furniture, with 6 per cent, is third. 

Maryland manufacturers of wood were at that time, in 1909, deriv- 


32 Tue Forests of MARYLAND. 


ing their supplies of this commodity from thirty-four different States 
and thirteen foreign countries. Twenty-six of the fifty-four species 
of wood reported as used came in part from Maryland, the largest 
representation of species in other States occuring in Virginia, with 
twenty-four, West Virginia with twenty, and Pennsylvania with fif- 
teen. In 1916 just twenty-seven States appear, with the addition of 
the Philippines. The States of Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, 
Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Texas are not now given 
by manufacturers as the source of wood supplies, and when the rela- 
tively small size of the New England and Middle Atlantic States 
among this number, and the length of time during which their stand- 
ing timber has been exploited and sold, are considered, it is not so sur- 
prising that they are no longer generally continuing as lumber export- 
ers. ‘Two new States, however, appear in the list of 1916 which were 
not in that of seven years before, they being, namely, Idaho and Illi- 
nois. The amount of wood from Illinois is not of course large, but 
increasing amounts of pines are being sent Kast from Idaho and other 
far-Western States. All those from which Maryland is now drawing 
supplies of wood are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, 
Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 
Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- 
lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvama, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vir- 
guua, Washington, Wisconsin and West Virginia. Those given in 
italics are regarded as particularly important. The foreign countries 
from which this State also receives importations of timber are Africa, 
Brazil, Canada, the East Indies, Honduras, India, Mexico, Russia, 
San Domingo, Turkey and the West Indies. Among these the names 
of Australia, Ceylon and France no longer appear, while the East In- 
dies and San Domingo are additions since the list of 1909. Those 
which are given are the foreign lands from which Maryland imports 
of wood are normally drawn; probably less than half of them are ear- 
rying on any traffic with the State as this Report is written. 

The various wood-using plants which at present constitute this in- 
dustry in Maryland are not evenly distributed over the State as a 
whole, but rather restricted to three principal centers: Baltimore, 
City and County; Salisbury; and Hagerstown. In the State Balti- 
more leads, of course; Salisbury, in Wicomico county on the eastern 
shore, takes second place in the State in importance of its wood-using 
industries ; Hagerstown, in Washington county, is the principal center 
of the wood-manufacturing industry in western Maryland, in addi- 
tion to ranking third in the State. These cities determine also the 
county leadership, Baltimore, Wicomico and Washington counties 
leading in the order named. Several things have naturally determin- 


THe Woop-Usina INpuSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 33 


ed the centering of these establishments. In the case of Baltimore 
these reasons are very obvious—labor, markets, means of transporta- 
tion, and adequate facilities of every sort immediately at hand. For 
Hagerstown also the reasons are quite apparent since it possesses, next 
to the City and County just mentioned, the finest railway transpor- 
tation of any section of the State. Washington County itself has the 
second largest county mileage in steam and electric roads, and Hagers- 
town, at its center, is reached by a network of lines from points out- 
side. This unusual accessibility by rail also tends to promote condi- 
tions of labor and the supply of laborers, while a further advantage 
which should not be undervalued lies in the large supplies of wood 
and timber which are constantly being cut in the mountain country 
to the west, not only in the two Maryland counties of Garrett and Al- 
legany, but in the adjoining States of Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
ginia. Incidentally, the timber purchased locally in the Hagerstown 
valley, because of the favorable conditions under which it grows, is of 
exceptional grade and adaptability. 

Salisbury possesses decided advantages in combined water and rail 
shipment. It is convenient to the pine-producing centers of the 
Southern seaboard from which is drawn the great bulk of its rough 
lumber for manufacture and Wicomico County itself has woodland 
aggregating 46 per cent of its total area. It is nearby other counties 
with still larger areas of timber, all conducive to supplying material 
for industries of far-reaching importance. 

As was pointed out. in the early part of the Chapter, the industries 
producing wood, with those manufacturing products of wood and 
therefore dependent to a certain extent upon the forest resources, to- 
gether represent various business and industrial activity of State-wide 
magnitude. They are industries which we could not afford to be with- 
out, and which we could therefore afford to perpetuate. In this con- 
nection a glance at the annual cut, yearly growth and present stand 
of the timber in Maryland is quite revealing. It is probable that the 
average annual increment of wood per acre for all the forests of the 
State cannot exceed 15 eubic feet. The total growth, upon the basis 
of this consumption, is 33,420,690 cubic feet; the annual cut is at 
present 46,949,181 cu. ft.; and the amount of timber now standing 
317,871,408 eu. ft. The annual growth is but 71 per cent of the total 
production, which in turn amounts yearly to 15 per cent of the whole. 
Very little reflection or calculation is necessary to indicate that much 
timber is being cut faster than it is grown. It is a good deal of a cer- 
tainty that the annual cut will not appreciably diminish for some time 
to come, and it is equally sure that under present conditions and pre- 
valent methods the annual growth will not be greatly increased. 


34 THe Forests oF MARYLAND. 


There is but one practical solution, and that is more efficiency in 
forest management, and greater care in the removal of the crop. 
Through the former there is little doubt that in a comparatively few 
year’s time the production of Maryland forests might be raised 100 
per cent. The Board has studied this phase of State Forestry very 
carefully. It has already assisted several hundred local timber owners 
to regulate their cut, secure sale of products and augment their pro- 
duction. But these hundreds should be thousands, and the Board is 
fully prepared to undertake such problems in every portion of the 
State at the instance of any woodland owner. 

Better management means increased production; with increased 
production there will follow increase of manufacturing. Improved 
methods, beginning m the woodlot or larger tract of forest land, will 
extend and be felt through the whole field of production and opera- 
tion, and with those conditions put in effect, the wood-using industries 
of Maryland, already of commanding importance, should steadily ad- 
vance in value and give employment to even greater numbers. 


TRANSPORTATION, MARKETS, AND GENERAL CONDITIONS 
IN THE LUMBERING AND WOOD-MANUFACTURING 
INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 


Transportation. Waterways—Maryland’s total area is 12,210 
miles, of which 2,319 square miles or 19 per cent is water. The great 
area In waterways is made up of 1,203 square miles in the Chesapeake 
Bay proper, 93 in Chincoteague Bay, and 1,023 in other estuaries. 
From the lower end of the Chesapeake, where the Maryland State-line 
runs from below Somerset County, on the east, to Smith Point, 
Northumberland County, Virginia, on the west, it is approximately 
130 miles up the center of the Bay to its end in Cecil County. It isa 
great waterway, the largest inlet on the Atlantic Coast of the United 
States. At the entrance it is 12 miles across, later broadening to an 
average width of 20 miles, and a maximum of 40. 

The eastern and western shores of Maryland are veritably honey- 
combed by navigable, tide-water streams, while the Potomac river, one 
of the most important, follows the southern and southwestern bound- 
aries of Maryland throughout. As far as Washington it is navigable 
by steam vessels, and from there by smaller boats and barges to Chain 
Bridge, near the District Line. These waterways give Maryland an 
enormous amount of deep-water transportation. They were import- 
ant factors in the State’s settlement, and they are as invaluable now. 

Natural facilities for water transportation are also supplemented 
by several which are artificial. A canal, the Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware, connects the upper Chesapeake with Delaware River; another 


TRANSPORTATION, MARKETS, AND GENERAL CONDITIONS. 35 


runs from Georgetown, near Washington, to Cumberland, in western 
Maryland. The latter, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is an old and 
important link in the State’s waterways, for this idea, of connecting 
the Potomac at tide-water with the nearest point attainable to the 
headwaters of the Ohio, originated with George Washington before he 
became President. It is 185 miles in length, and fed throughout by 
the Potomac River. 

Railroads and Highways.—There are over 1,300 miles of railway in 
Maryland, including the Annapolis Short Line; Baltimore, Chesa- 
peake & Atlantic; Baltimore & Ohio; Chesapeake Beach; Cumberland 
Valley ; Cumberland & Pennsylvania; Emmitsburg; George’s Creek & 
Cumberland; Hagerstown & Frederick; Jennings Bros.; Maryland, 
Delaware & Virginia; Maryland & Pennsylvania; New York, Philadel- 
phia & Norfolk; Norfolk & Western; Northern Central; Pennsyl- 
vania; Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington; Washington, Balti- 
more & Annapolis; Washington, Potomac & Chesapeake; and Western 
Maryland systems. 

In addition, there are 1,500 miles of State roads improved with 
shell, concrete, and macadam, forming main lines of traffic, and con- 
necting all of the county seats. Facilities are ample in nearly every 
district not accessible by the water route, and in many parts boat and 
train service are combined to give adequate shipping advantages. 
There should not be a section of Maryland, from the truck gardens of 
the eastern shore to the mountain woodlands of western Maryland, 
which is inaccessible to the great markets near at hand. 

Markets—Maryland is a State possessing to a great degree the 
undoubted advantage of markets which are numerous, well distribut- 
ed, and profitable. Within a radius of 190 miles of Baltimore City are 
New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond, and Wilmington, 
cities which, taken with Baltimore, include more than 8 per cent of 
the country’s total population. 

It is also noteworthy that these great markets, without exception, 
are available by water as well as by rail. Were these advantages and 
the existing means of transportation not enough, the State itself has 
within its borders several relatively important markets and centers of 
distribution. Baltimore City and County, in central Maryland; 
Salisbury, Pocomoke City, Cambridge, Easton and others on the east- 
ern shore; Cumberland, Hagerstown and Frederick, in western 
Maryland, are all centers of wood-manufacturing plants which de- 
pend, to some extent, upon local forest supplies. 

Certain products, particularly in an unmanufactured state, find 
their way to these and other points for distribution, and lumber and 
lath, with cordwood and charcoal, have their greatest demand in the 


Co 
o> 


THE Forests or MAaryLANnpb. 


larger communities. There are markets in Maryland which are avail- 
able to all the forest products of the State. These markets have shown 
consistent growth, though still susceptible of profitable development. 


FOREST PLANTING. 


The forest survey of the State has shown that, excluding salt marsh 
land, which is practically irreclaimable, there is 11% of waste land— 
land that is now producing no revenue and is an expense to the own- 
ers, but which, for the most part, is suitable for forest planting. In ad- 
dition there are on each of a large proportion of farms of the State a 
few acres of swampy, rocky or gullied hillside land that would be more 
profitable in forest than in pasture or other uses, or lack of use, as the 
case may be. There is, therefore, no lack of opportunity to practice 
forest planting profitably. The chief difficulties have been that plant- 
ing stock could not be easily obtained, that the cost was excessive and 
the results uncertain, largely due to inexperience and lack of readily 
secured information. Most land owners are natural planters; they 
want to see things grow and are ready to plant trees if shown con- 
vincingly the proper plan of procedure. In the first place it was 
found that there was not a nursery in the State selling stock suitable 
for forest planting. Anyone who wanted to make a forest plantation 
must send to another State for his stock, and in most cases did not get 
the -species best adapted to his needs. The results were often dis- 
couraging, and forest planting was seriously handicapped. To remedy 
these difficulties as far as possible, the Board of Forestry established 
a State Forest Nursery in the spring of 1914 at College Park, on land 
granted for the purpose by the State College of Agriculture. The 
purpose of the nursery is to grow and distribute trees at cost to resi- 
dents of the State for forest and roadside planting. During the first 
year, after establishing the Nursery, no trees were available for plant- 
ing, but during the next two years of 1915 and 1916, 130,000 trees 
were distributed to 92 different applicants at a cost to them of $894.07- 
This shows the value of a State Nursery as an agency for encouraging 
forest and roadside planting. All who apply are given specific advice 
as to what te plant and expert supervision is offered when the planter 
desires it, and at a nominal cost. 

The objects of planting are so numerous and varied as to make this 
field of forestry an important and rapidly extending one. Rocky, un- 
tillable land is to be made productive, gullied hillsides are to be re- 
claimed, steep slopes are to be protected, stream banks are to be held 
against erosion, wet lands are to be made productive by basket willow 
erowing or other planting, woodlands depleted of young growing 
stock by pasturing are to be thickened and brought up to full produc- 


’ State Forest RESERVES. 37 


tion—these and many other problems can be solved by planting. The 
important highways of the State must be beautified and made as at- 
tractive as possible. Here again tree planting offers the best solution. 

Comparatively little forest planting was done prior to the time that 
the State Forest work was organized in 1906. The records show only 
5 such plantations. In 1908 the State Forester distributed small 
quantities of black locust and catalpa for experimental planting in 
various parts of the State. The stimulated interest, but little progress 
was made until the State Nursery was established six years later. It 
is estimated that a total of 550,000 young forest trees have been used 
to date for the reforestafion of 475 acres of land in this State. In- 
terest in forest planting is rapidly growing and the demand for State- 
grown stock increasing. A list of trees with prices may be obtained 
by applying to the State Forester, Baltimore, who will also give prac- 
tical advice and help in forest planting or other forest and tree prob- 
lems. 


STATE FOREST RESERVES. 
The State now owns in forest reservations 2,746 acres—three re- 
serves in Garret County, and one in Baltimore and Howard Counties. 
They are: 


Skipnish Reserve—Garrett County......... 888 acres 
Swallow Falls Reserve—Garrett County.... 823 acres 
Kindness Reserve—Garrett County......... 206 acres 
Patapsco Reserve — Baltimore & Howard 
(OWUIMITES 5 cio cS elecck cuca eRe ere ne ene 829 acres 
MotalMOPeStateweSeLVeS yy. ...222 00.60% 2.746 acres 


The Garrett County Reserves, given to the State by Messrs. Robert 
and John W. Garrett in 1906, contain no merchantable timber, but a 
valuable stand of young growth which has been developed since the 
lands were cut over prior to their coming into the possession of the 
State. Since their acquisition, they have been patrolled by Forest 
Wardens to protect them from fires and trespass, with the result that 
the fire damage has been slight, notwithstanding extensive damage 
on other lands in the vicinity not systematically protected. In addi- 
tion to fire protection, improvement work has been conducted on ap- 
proximately 500 acres of the Skipnish Reserve, 50 acres of the Swal- 
low Falls Reserve and over the entire 206 acres of the Kindness Re- 
serve. This work has been in the nature of a hberation cutting to re- 
move trees that were not of sufficient value to be taken out when lum- 
bering operations were conducted ten years ago, but which later inter- 


38 THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


fered with the proper development of the younger growth. 

A telephone line three miles in length has been constructed across 
the Skipnish Reserve to the lookout station at Stem Rock on Snaggy 
Mountain, which overlooks the State lands, and thence along Snaggy 
Mountain to Point Lookout, another observation station near a forest 
warden’s headquarters. This line is connected with the farming set- 
tlements nearby, enabling the lookout watchman to summon assistance 
quickly in case of forest fires on the State’s property or in the vicinity. 
In addition, a fire line has been constructed along the West Virginia- 
Maryland State boundary for a distance of one mile, to aid in check- 
ing forest fires that originate in West Virginia and threaten State and 
private lands in Maryland. 

The Patapsco Reserve, consisting of lands purchased by the State 
under an appropriation of $50,000 made by the Legislature of 1912, 
supplemented by lands given by Messrs. John M. Glenn, William L. 
Glenn, Richard C. Norris, and Rollin Norris, lies along the Patapsco 
River in Baltimore and Howard Counties, between Avalon and Hollo- 
field. This Reserve includes some of the most picturesque points along 
the Patapsco. The lands, for the most part, are well wooded, some of 
them heavily timbered, and it is the purpose of the Board to maintain 
them as a natural forest. In addition to the lands owned by the State 
in this region, a plan of co-operation between the private owners of 
land held for water rights, and the State Board of Forestry, is in ef- 
feet, covering 1,038 acres, which gives the State the use of the land for 
park purposes in return for its protection in the matter of patrol 
against fire and tresspass. 

Several miles of trails have been constructed, a small amount of 
forest planting has been done, and through the co-operation of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company several miles of fire line have 
been constructed adjacent to the railroad. It is the purpose of the 
Board of Forestry to make these.lands available as a pleasure ground, 
under reasonable regulations, for all those in the State who wish to 
use them. 

The Patapsco area is not only one of great natural attractiveness, 
being so near Baltimore that its use as a recreation ground is certain 
to be more fully appreciated, but it is also important to protect the 
watershed of the Patapsco River, which plays such an important part 
in furnishing water power for several industrial enterprises. Between 
Relay and Alberton, a distance of 11.4 miles, there are 10 water power 
developments, 8 of which are now in operation. The power for these 
plants is furnished by the Patapsco River, and its value for that pur- 
pose is measured by the evenness of flow and freedom from silt. <A 
forest cover is essential to maximum efficiency in regulating flow, and 


PLATE VII. FIG. 1—A PORTABLE MILL. 
There are in excess of 700 portable mills operating in the forests of Maryland, and moving 
from place to place as timber supplies are found. 


Oe 1 
Kid 


PLATE VII. 


FIG. 2—A BAND MILL. 
Working where timber is plentiful, such mills are very efficient, with a 


daily cut 
more than ten times as great as that of the portable mill. 


MunIcIPpAL FORESTS. 39 


in preventing erosion with its deposits of sediment. The steep slopes 
along the river that have been cultivated in years past have largely 
contributed to the accumulation of silt which has collected behind the 
dams built for storage purposes and has clogged the river channels, 
increasing the frequency of floods, and carrying immense quantities 
of silt into the upper Patapsco near Baltimore, requiring the expendi- 
ture of large sums of money for dredging. A very informing illustra- 
tion of the silt accumulation is shown by the accompanying cut, taken 
from a photograph along the Patapsco River in front of a dam that 
had been in use but ten years. This mass of sediment, extending for a 
quarter of a mile along the river bed, represents but a small part of 
the surface erosion from cultivated lands along the steep banks of the 
Patapsco in ten years’ time. 

The only remedy is to get these steep hillsides under a forest cover 
as quickly as possible, which is one of the objects of the State in ac- 
quiring the lands now in the Patapseco Reserve. 


_ MUNICIPAL FORESTS. 


Some of the cities of the State have acquired forest lands in the 
vicinity of their water supplies for protection purposes. The manage- 
ment of these lands has become a distinct problem of municipal 
forestry. There are two notable examples of municipal forest owner- 
ship in the State, one, the City of Baltimore, the other, the City of 
Frederick. Other towns and cities have small holdings of land around 
their reservoirs, but not of sufficient acreage to be designated as muni- 
cipal forests. 

Baltimore City has acquired appoximately 5,000 acres about its 
city reservoir at Loch Raven, in Baltimore County, of which 1,000 
acres is submerged, 2,000 acres wooded and 2,000 acres is in cleared 
fields. Of the latter, 250 acres have been recently planted in small 
forest trees, and it is the plan of the City to continue forest planting 
each year until the remaining cleared land is entirely planted and. 
supporting a forest growth. The aim is to bring as rapidly as possible 
all open land under a forest cover to prevent soil erosion and silting of 
the reservoir, and at the same time to make the resulting forests a 
source of revenue as well as of scenic beauty. 

Frederick.—The eity of Frederick has likewise acquired a muni- 
cipal forest of approximately 1,200 acres, covering a part of the moun- 
tain watershed from which its water supply is derived. It is planned 
to make further purchases for the same purpose. While this forest 
is principally for protection, it should also be a source of revenue as 
a forest. This was shown by the forest survey made by the State 
Board of Forestry prior to its purchase. The Board of Forestry is 


40 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


co-operating with the City of Frederick in the management of these 
lands. There is nothing of greater importance to the health and pros- - 
perity of cities and towns than an abundant supply of pure water. 
This is being recognized and means are being devised to secure it. 
One of the prime requisites is as complete control as possible over the 
watershed from which the water supply is derived. Complete control 
is seldom practicable, but the acquisition of at least the immediate sur- 
roundings of the reservoirs is imperative. It has been fully demon- 
strated that a forest cover for a watershed is the best of all to insure 
freedom from silt, to prevent polution, and to conserve the fullest 
amount of the precipitation. Such forests properly handled are a 
source of revenue without reducing their value for watershed protec- 
tion. Hence the municipal forest should become popular with cities 
and towns, especially where mountain water supplies are possible. 


THe STATEH’s ForEST AREAS. 


41 


THE STATE’S FOREST AREAS. 


Classified by Stand of Timber Per Acre. 


| Mixed Hardwoods | Pine | Hardwood and Pine 
counmy | Om | Bese | || Sido | Sees | 4. || Sov | S308 |. 
| Ba.Ft.| Bart. | % | Bd.Ft.| Ba.Ft.| % | |Bd. Ft. | Ba. Ft. | 7 

| Acres Acres | Acres Acres | | | Aeres Acres | 
Allegany ...... 174| 128,148] 78 6| 3,158] 2|| 442] 31,904! 20 
Anne Arundel. 6,744 61,178| 74|| 8,430} 9,085] 19||...... 6,829| 7 
Baltimore ..... 4,301; 94,659) 96 601 AAS DNS hoe 3,810! 3 
@alwerte ee 8,251 39,489| 76 40} 10,482] 17||...... 4,128| 7 
Caroline ...... 1,861) 19,775) 34 1,825} 19,206} 34]|...... 20,167| 32 
Carrols aevot 3,932) ayy A008) ah 2) i ecreher eal (ereiercicrercll iclere fl Paeiceaiers 359) 1 
Cecilinaa Sits cace 2,738 | SISO TNs ooodolloecetoc Breil | exeusve leveill axe aus Gene he 
Charles ....... 6,868}  66,037| 43|| 5,243) 13,609] 11/|...... 79,790| 46 
Dorchester ....|| 2,458] 16,395] 14|| 8,182] 40,582] 35]|27,115| 43,559] 51 
Frederick 3,300| 87,358] 99||...... G2 leealieas >: 397] 1 
Garrett ....... 4,484) 264,112] 98|| 1,464) 617] 1|| 2,529] 1,277/ 1 

Harford ...... 6,303} 75,234] 99]]......| Bei etl etme eile 
Howard ...... 9,399} 27,709] 96]|...... HSE 4 ities «.cilicneeeek 4 
Tent: sa eaews 6,787} 263063) 97)|)......- Betas Eb) eee eee 483| 2 
Montgomery 4,823 59,416| 94 272| 2,806] 4||...... 1,504| 2 
Prince George’s 2,122) 89,124 TAN ays rere | 23,759| 18}|......1 12,199| 10 
Queen Anne’s..||...... | 55,359) 94 166 1,840, 3 31 1,874} 3 
St. Mary’s ....|| 1,471] 35,496] 31]| 1,919] 22,030] 20/|...... 58,164| 49 
Somerset .+...||...... 7,101} 10|| 7,896) 20,843] 42|| 5,601| 26,946| 48 
aTalhobeeee cece 441| 8,251] 19]| 6,942] 5,185] 26]| 1,573] 23,430! 55 
Washington 4,022| 56,160} 83||...... eee SOO Ulla o£ 11,493| 16 
Wicomico 112| 24,852) 23 7,018| 35,596] 38 1,270| 42,760) 39 
Worcester 15,869} 18,241/ 22/| 7,902| 77,387 5Ci\( seaeoe 28,783| 19 
The State 96,060}1,346,363| 65|| 57,906 289,300} 15|| 38,561} 399,856| 20 


THE FORESTS OF MARYLAND. 


By CounrtiEzs. 


In the forest survey of the State every tract of woodland of 5 
acres or more was sketched on a topographic base map, on a scale of 
one mile to the inch, and its general characteristics noted. The hard- 
wood stands were divided into three general classes—sapling, culled 
and merchantable—all shown in red on the forest maps, but also in- 
dicated by different arrangement and symbols. 

The sapling class represents the young stands too small to furnish 
a commercial product; the culled class, stands that have either been 
culled or are so immature that logging operations under ordinary con- 
ditions would not be justified. The culled class is divided into three 
sub-classes, according to relative stand of saw-timber per acre. The 
marchantable class represents the hardwood stands containing the 
heavier stands of timber where logging is justified and, as in the culled 
class, three sub-classes are made to indicate the relative stand per 
acre. 

The pine areas in green on the forest maps are classified by species, 
using an initial letter, and as to size of trees into six classes, indicated 
by symbols. Mixtures of hardwood and pine are shown on the forest 
maps by combinations of red and green, the relative composition and 
stand of timber by appropriate characters. A forest map will be 
found in connection with the forest description of each county. 


ALLEGANY COUNTY. 


Allegany, next to the westernmost county of Maryland, extends 
along a narrow stretch of mountain land north of the Potomac River, 
which forms its southern boundary. From the River, near Cumber- 
land, it is about five miles to the Pennsylvania line, and where Alle- 
gany joins Washington County on the east, it is only six. But at its 
western end the county broadens to a width of nearly twenty miles. 
In point of size it stands fourteenth in the State, but its forested area 
is second only to that of Garrett. 

A succession of prominent ridges 1,000 to 2,500 feet in altitude ex- 
tend in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction from the Pennsyl- 


42 


PLATE VIII. FIG. 1—THE FORESTED WATERSHED. 


In the Catoctin Mountains of Frederick County, heading an important system of municipal supply, 
this portion of the watershed is nearly ideal. It should be kept so. 


PLATE VIII. FIG. 2—FROM A DEFORESTED WATERSHED. 


Remoyal of the original forest cover on the surrounding slopes and hills has permitted great 
accumulations of silt to seriously interfere with continued power-production 
at this point on the Patapsco River. 


‘ . 
i ; 

| 

| 


ALLEGANY CouUNTY. 43 


vania line to the Potomac River, which receives the entire drainage of 
the county. Various soils occasion several forest types—shales pre- 
dominating in the eastern three-quarters of the county, forming the 
shallow upland soil where most of the forest growth occurs; on some 
of the higher ridges, limestone, resulting in land well suited to agri- 
cultural and horticultural development; along Dan’s Mountain and to 
the west, other soils, made up largely of sandy loam, giving a tree 
growth superior to that occurring on the other soil formations. 


THE FORESTS. 


Sixty-two per cent of the county’s area is wooded. Of this, not 
greater than one per cent is virgin forest, the remaining ninety-nine 
per cent having been cut over once, if not several times, since the set- 
tlement of the county about one hundred and fifty years ago. At that 
time virgin woodland covered probably ninety-five per cent of the 
county’s total area. The present land in forest has been cut over and 
burned repeatedly, so that its original character has been very greatly 
changed. At the same time the quest for valuable kinds of wood has 
led to a systematic culling of the forests throughout accessible regions, 
with a consequent reduction of merchantable material. This area of 
forest is being still further reduced by the extensive clearing of land 
for fruit growing in the eastern section of the county, and it is to be 
expected that forests will be cleared away for farm crops on small 
areas in other sections. Excessive cutting and fires have almost elimi- 
nated in places certain species that were of the greatest value years 
ago, so that a normal balance cannot be restored except through radi- 
eal changes in prevalent methods of logging, protection, and manage- 
ment. 

Existing forests may be divided into three classes: hardwood, pine, 
and a mixed growth of each. Hardwood forests cover 128,322 acres, 
or seventy-eight per cent of the wooded area; pine stands, including a 
small amount of hemlock, are found on 3,164 acres, two per cent of the 
forested area; while the mixed hardwood and pine forests cover 34,- 
346 acres, or twenty per cent of the wooded area. In the total stand 
of saw timber the hardwood forests contain 105,369,000 board feet, 
and the pine 42,073,000, the stumpage found in mixture being combined 
with these two other main classes. According to the forest survey of 
1909 there were only 174 acres of hardwoods in the county having a 
stumpage of 5,000 feet or more to the acre, and 128,148 acres contain- 
ing less; pine of 5,000 board feet or greater occupied 6 acres, and less 
than this, 3,158; while mixed stands of pine and hardwood covered 
442 and 31,904 acres, respectively, of over 5,000 and less than 5,000 
board feet. 


44 Tue Forests o—r MARyLAND. 


The pines, of which there are four species—white, pitch, table 
mountain, and scrub—are confined almost altogether to the eastern 
half, where mixtures of the hardwoods with pine, to a lesser extent 
with hemlock, also occur. Further westward these mixed stands are 
found less frequently, until beyond Cumberland and along the Gar- 
rett County line the forest cover is almost exclusively mixed hardwood 
growth. These various forests show three types, a lower slope, an 
upper slope, and a ridge type. White oak, sugar maple, basswood, 
beech, red oak, ash, and more sparingly hemlock and white pine, 
characterize the first and most important type. The leading species 
of the upper slopes are chestnut, hickory, black birch, red and black 
oaks, and scrub pine. The last and poorest type, on the ridges, shows 
chestnut oak, with pitch and table mountain pines. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


The uses of the Allegany County forests are indicated to some ex- 
tent by the three types which characterize their occurrence and 
growth. The woodland on the lower slopes produces the bulk of the 
saw timber; the upper, crossties and other small material; the ridge, 
ties (railroad and mine), tanbark and props. The annual cut of lumber 
in the county is not nearly so great as it was a decade ago, but is still 
an industry of considerable importance, and one now largely kept 
alive by a wide use of the portable mills that are easily removed from 
place to place in search of merchantable material. Altogether, Alle- 
gany County has forty-five sawmill and timber operators, nearly all 
with mills of the portable kind, and though their individual cut is 
relatively small, these operators, as a whole, have an annual produc- 
tion somewhat in excess of 3,000,000 cubic feet. The 45 miles of rail- 
way in the county, as well as the line which follows the southern 
boundary, are important adjuncts to the local timber industry. Al- 
legany does not manufacture a great amount of wood. Lonaconing, 
Midland, Ellerslie, Frostburg, Mt. Savage, and Cumberland have re- 
tail yards or planing mills which work and sell lumber, from Mary- 
land and West Virginia, to the local trade. In Cumberland alone 
there are nine planing mills and manufacturers of planing mill pro- 
ducts, but other than this, and the large pulp paper mill at Luke, 
local forest industries are those of production rather than of manu- 
facture. 

The chief forest products in order of their relative value and im- 
portance to the county are lumber, mine props, tanbark, crossties, 
poles, lath, pulpwood, shingles, and posts. There is a good market in 
supplying the coal mines in the western section of the county with 


ALLEGANY COUNTY. 45 


props, pit-ties, and timber; the railroad companies with crossties; and 
the telephone and telegraph companies with poles. Prices for these 
products are advancing, and there is a certainty of good returns from 
such forest lands as are properly protected and more conservatively 
managed. Growing industries demand an abundant supply of forest 
material, and the production of* local woodlands must be maintained 
to supply their needs. The county, instead of being a heavy importer 
of lumber, mine props and other material, should be exporting large 
amounts of them. The forest area is sufficient and of suitable charac- 
ter for a continued production of $1,000,000 worth of material, an- 
nually, compared with that of $440,754 at the present time. 


46 


THE Forests of MARYLAND. 


ALLEGANY COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT.* 


Produet. 


Lumber: Hardwood 
Softwood 


Pulpwood 
Cordwood 


Mine Props 
Tan Bark 


Lath 


The County 


InAMTOAG IES osccccco0n00ce | 


Amount. 


9,175,000 Bd. Ft. 
7,015,000 Bd. Ft. 
500 Cords 
47,000 
3,500 Cords 
27,000 Tons 
4,200 Tons 
4,000 
215,000 
1,028,000 
50,000 
2,000 


Jnit Value.t 


Total Value. 


$18.00 
15.00 
6.00 
Ba) 
3.00 
2.50 
9.50 
2.75 
4.25 
3.75 
15 
18 


per M 
per M 
per Cord 
each 

per Cord 
per Ton 
per Ton 
each 

per M 
per M 
each 
each 


$1 
1 


3,141,400 Cubic Feet 


$4 


* Products in order of their importance. 


t At point of production. 


65,150 
05,225 
3,000 
25,850 
10,500 
67,500 
39,900 
11,000 
914 
3,855 
7,500 
360 


40,754 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


| Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
Land Area. Wooded. | More Than Nine Inches in Stumpage Value. 
Dist.No. | Area. | Diameter. 
| : Hardwood Pine 
: | Acres. Acres, % Hardwood | Pine Total $3.50 $4.00 Total 
| M Ba. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
1 | 40,877 29,424 72 10,872 16,109 26,981 $38,052 $64,436 $102,488 
2 36,774 22,008 | 60 7,894 | 8,183 16,077 27,629 32,732 60,361 
3 44,190 28,407 | 64 15,297 | 8,108 23,405 53,539 32,432 85,971 
4 185 44. | 24 HON ecco 10 350)|-. ee ose eee 350 
5 5.480 2.346 43 2,981 | 6,257 9,238 10,434 25,028 35,462 
6 8,960 5,562 62 2,823 3,474 6,297 9,880 13,896 23,776 
i 18,682 13,395 66 11,251 11,251 COBO || oochososor 39,379 
8 | 11,994 8,737 73 5,971 5,971 201896) ee 20,898 
9 | 3,805 1,183 31 1,056 | 1,056 BYOB || oosccsc000 3,696 
10 | 2,877 1,071 37 841 | 841 DQ Aa rsa oi aveureeee 2,044 
ial 1,526 885 58 1,089 1,089 BMH ooo oes 3,811 
12 | 2,024 355 17 499 ei 499 CUA. wien 1,747 
13 | 16,378 8,439 50 9,816 123 9,939 34,356 492 34,848 
15 | 5,281 | 3,842 a2 3,400 | sense 3,400 TUN) | ooooccocee 11,900 
16 | 18,800 | 11,340 60 2,735 | 176 2,911 9,572 704 10,276 
17 6,539 4,752 72 4,676 | 4,676 UGS || coaccosooe 16,366 
18 | 4,521 2,217 49 1,870 1,870 a} 15995) I Soca. 010.060 6,545 
19 | 1,812 | 885 49 858 inate 858 BOOB || soccoacsac 3,003 
20 6,134 4,826 78 4,822 | 157 4,979 16,877 628 17,505 
21 12,175 5,622 47 6,298 | 8,891 15,189 22,043 35,564 57,607 
22 4,390 1,313 30 1,609 284. 1,893 5,632 1,136 6,768 
23 | 2,516 | 1,363 26 1,510 | 311 1,821 5,285 1,244 6,529 
24 3,087 | 1,239 | 31 1,323 1,323 GLGBXD) | Sagano O06 4,630 
25 1,582 | MO |) ae 879 879 ShOTTAlad caeetie 3,077 
26 1,575 | 1,108 70 2,864 | 2,864 NCKOPE ST oaeooudode 10,024 
27 3,363 2410 | 39 1,962 | 1,962 GiBOT ton cine soe 6,867 
28 836 | sedistn || 54 163 | 163 Biialeekeenns 571 
area's 3 | ; = 

The County | 266,363 | 163,832 |- 62 | 105,369 42,073 147,442 $369,107 $208,292 | $577,399 


=a 
a 


ae 


Ag 


[ aiaoe 
: ye anee 


b 

5 
dl 
- 


NATIQNAL 


| 

| 

| 
Si 


| 


Patterson Depot 
2 R 


TYPES 


= Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
J Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 
White Pine (W) / 
Scrub Pine (S) 
SI Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 
Mixed Hardwoods and White Pine (CW) 
ixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 
jardwood Sapling and Scrub Pine (HS) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET 


MAP OF 


ALLEGANY COUNTY }+—| 


SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


Me - 7,000 — 12,000 ciws . - - 6,000 — 10,000 
Me = 2,000 — 7,000 c2w? - - = 5,000 — 10,000 MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
ct - 1,000 — 2,000 cis? - - = 1,000 — 4,000 WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W, BESLEY 
z @ Eto HISD GEA 3,000 EXECUTIVE OFFICER ovat ronearen 
i: co - 0-500 7s? - 1,500 1915 
| we 10,000 — 18,000 Cs 2,500 SCALE: 
: E = ag2 = = 1, 
| & nee8 zi 2,000) ep Re Bee J Inch equals 8 Miles or =m of Natural Seale 
| 4 HsS? - - - 1,000 
i Forest SURVEY, 1909 | 


ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 


Anne Arundel is the northernmost county of ‘‘southern Mary- 
land.’’ It lies wholly within the coastal plain area, and partakes of 
the general nature of the coastal plain soil formation. Since the 
northwestern part of the county lies adjacent to the Piedmont region, 
the indigenous plant and tree life are in part characteristic of the 
Piedmont, and partly of the coastal plain types. The main physical 
features of the county are a succession of low, rounded hills and deep 
ravines, particularly in the northern two-thirds of the county; a large 
per cent of sandy soil, and a long waterfront adjacent to Chesapeake 
Bay on the east, the South River, the Severn and the Magothy form- 
ing deep indentations from the Bay; and the Patuxent River extend- 
ing along almost the entire western boundary. 


Tur FORESTS. 


The wooded area of the county consists of thirty-four per cent of 
the total land area, with a greater amount of woodland in the central 
and north-central parts of the county than is found in the southern 
and extreme northern parts, where the land is more generally culti- 
vated. The most notable feature of forest distribution is that the 
woodlands are invariably found along ravines and streams, occasional- 
ly extending back upon the higher lands. The soil is usually very 
light, and washes badly on steep slopes, so that the forests along these 
streams and hollows are in reality protection forests, although serving 
at the same time for the production of timber. 

The county’s wooded areas have been continually reduced, and are 
now confined in large part to non-agricultural situations. As a rule, 
the woodlands are in small, irregular patches which are almost ex- 
clusively the property of farmers.. Originally, this county was prac- 
tically covered with forests of hardwoods, with which were interming- 
led small stands of pine. As the population increased, and the settle- 
ments advanced from the watercourses, the first forests rapidly dimin- 
ished in area until about fifty years ago, when the turning-point was 
reached, and since that time more land has grown up in forests than 
has been cleared. As a rule, pine forests represent the land that was 
once cleared for crops, and later on abandoned; the light-seeded pines 
quickly took possession of such areas, and the age of the resulting 


47 


48 Tue Forests of MARYLAND. 


forests is a good index of the time when such lands ceased to be culti- 
vated. 

Existing forests are largely of the hardwood type, consisting of 
oaks, chestnut, hickory, gum, tulip poplar, maple, and a variety of 
others in varying proportions. The gum, particularly the red or sweet 
gum, is found on the moist soils usually associated with maple, black 
gum and beech, while the yellow poplar and the more valuable oaks 
occur on the lower slopes, chestnut generally occupying the higher and 
dryer situations. Pine stands comprise only 19 per cent of the total 
wooded area, there being but two kinds of pine in the county, the very 
common scrub, or spruce pine, and the pitch pine, often described as 
foxtail pine. Stands of hardwood include 74 per cent of the total area 
in woodland, with the remaining 7 per cent in mixed stands of hard- 
wood and pine. On the 92,266 acres of forest land there is a stand of 
128,517,000 board feet of saw timber. Hardwood timber amounting 
to 5,000 or more board feet per acre occupies 6,744 acres, and hard- 
woods of less than that, 61,178 acres; pine stands of 5,000 feet or more 
represent an acreage of 8,430, and less than this, 9,085; while mixed 
stands of each, all of them less than 5,000 feet per acre, cover 6,829 
acres. 

USES OF THE ForsstTs. 


It is estimated that the number of persons finding continuous em- 
ployment in the forest industries of Anne Arundel county is about 
375, or a proportionately greater number for shorter periods of time, 
and that these several industries represent capital invested of $400,- 
000. Raw products sold are valued at $130,099, and those manufac- 
tured at $60,000 more. The producers give employment to about 
three-fourths of the total labor employed, and represent about one- 
half the total capital. They are well distributed over the entire coun- 
ty, but the manufacturers are restricted to two districts, Annapolis 
and Brooklyn. 

Producers of wood comprise twenty-two timber operators, a few 
getting out ties, telephone poles, piling and special products, but the 
majority of them cutting lumber. There are six sawmills which may 
be classed as permanent or stationary, and the remainder are the 
small portable mills, which move about from place to place, cutting 
timber where they can find it. The operators send their products 
over the 88 miles of railroad in the county to nearby inland points, 
or market them via the water route in New York, Philadelphia and 
Baltimore. In the City of Annapolis there are four firms which deal 
in lumber, handle builders’ supplies and do manufacturing of such 
general planing mill products as sash, doors and blinds, and at Brook- 


ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 49 


lyn, East Brooklyn and Curtis Bay are two yards, a box factory and a 
large car and foundry manufactory. The lumber and timber cut dis- 
poses annually of 1,099,610 cubie feet of wood, while so-called wood- 
using industries require yearly more than 1,500,000 cubic feet. Of 
this last, 11 per cent is locally produced, showing that in the markets 
for Anne Arundel county wood there is opportunity for some develop- 
ment. 

The cut from the present forested area exceeds the growth by 86.8 
per cent; salable wood and timber in different forms brought $130,099 
to county residents in the year 1914, while other products not sold but 
used at home were worth as much or more to the farmers who were 
the chief users. With practical, up-to-date methods of agriculture 
extended to include the woodlot, present revenues may be increased 
and assured. Right handling may double present production, but 
without such care the returns from the sale and use of forest products 
will manifest a steady decrease. The present area of forest land will 
be reduced, as it should be, by the clearing of land which may grow 
good crops, but it should in every case be offset by better management, 
and the reforestation of some, at least, of the 42,000 acres of Anne 
Arundel soils now classed as waste. 


50 


Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood......... 1,596,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $28,728 
Softwood ......... 370,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 5,500 
Pulpwood:webineaerrerry tira 1,700 Cords 6.00 per Cord 10,200 
Poplar and Gum \seeeeeeeer ' 500 Cords 7.00 per Cord 3,500 
Railroad Ties: 
Wht) OHS onooeecbsocdscs 15,894 .70 each | 11,125 
Mixed Oalkanreererrirerer nicl. 15,884 50 each | 7,942 
(Chestnutpee eee eee eeeeee 325116 20 each | 6,423 
Piles) iss seiacssgesecchooe eee 180,000 Lineal Feet -10 per Foot 18,000 
Cordwoodstiaae seer 2,700 Cords 3.25 per Cord 8,775 
NMineperopsi eee e ere eres 200 Tons 2.50 per Ton 500 
ROLES hora ieson eveehacvaarensheteere 5,175 3.00 each 15,525 
Shinglesy sce eseraee 225,000 4.25 per M 956 
POStS) sexe cheisieyeiees acheter eee 10,500 .15 each 1,575 
WXPOLtEUO LS eee eee 210,000 Board Feet 30.00 per M 6,300 
Charcoallcee cece 50,000 Bushels .10 per Bushel | 5,000 
| 
MG) CHK oo0osc00000e 1,099,610 Cubic Feet | $130,099 
| 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND 


VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
Hardwood Pine 
Acres, Acres. % Hardwood Pine Total $4.50 $5.00 Total 
MBd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
1 46,200 9,401 2 16,342 391 16,733 $73,539 | $1,955 $75,494 
2 49,500 20,290 41 26,309 1,087 27,396 118,390 | 5,435 123,826 
3 60,610 26,100 43 25,280 718 25,998 113,760 | 3,590 117,350 
4. 54,700 25,472 46 21,756 3,814 25,570 97,902 | 19,070 116,972 
5 24,290 5,400 22 17,769 175 17,944 79,961 875 80,835 
6 39,200 5,603 14 14,858 18 14,876 66,861 | 90 66,951 
The County | 274,500 92,266 34 122,314 6,203 128,517 $550,413 $31,015 $581,428 


BALTIMORE COUNTY. 


Baltimore County is in the north-central portion of the State, ad- 
jacent to Baltimore City, and extends northward to Pennsylvania. 
The Gunpowder River and the Little Gunpowder form three-fourth’s 
of the county ’g eastern boundary, the Patapsco the southern and half 
of the western boundaries. With the exception of a small portion of 
the southeastern part, which lies in the Coastal Plain Division, the 
county is in the Piedmont Plateau. That portion in the Coastal Plain 
is somewhat flat, generally sandy as to soil, and in other ways charac- 
teristic of the tidewater regions; while the remainder of the county 
consists of rolling land gradually increasing in elevation toward the 
north. Nearly all is well adapted to dairying and general farming, 
and while most of the county is very suitable for agriculture, there 
are certain rich, extensive valleys which constitute especially the prin- 
cipal farming centers—the Green Spring, Dulaney, Worthington, and 
Long Green Valleys being the most important of these. 


Tue FORESTS. 


Of the county’s total land area, 24 per cent is woodland, and with 
the exception of the farming valleys named above the forests are quite 
evenly distributed. There are few extensive wooded areas, the forests 
being principally confined to woodlots which vary from 10 to 100 acres 
in extent. The value of the land for farming purposes precludes the 
use of most of it for forest, and large continuous bodies of woodland 
are rare except in the lower eastern section of the county. Here, ad- 
jacent to Back and Middle Rivers, and the Gunpowder, occur con- 
siderable areas of hardwood forests, together with smaller tracts of 
mixed hardwoods and pine. The few pure stands of scrub pine, the 
only conifer common to the county, are found here also, and as a 
whole the tidewater section is well forested. 

While there is little pine timber in Baltimore County, there is 
much valuable hardwood growth—white, red, scarlet, and black oaks, 
tulip poplar, hickory, chestnut, ash, and black walnut. In northern 
Baltimore county the forests are largely of chestnut, and here, since 
its beginning in Maryland, the blight has made serious inroads. Hard- 
woods constitute 96 per cent of the whole wooded area, pure pine 1 


51 


52 7'HE FORESTS OF MARYLAND. 


per cent, mixed stands of each 8 per cent. It was shown by the survey 
of 1910 that there are 4,301 acres of mixed hardwood which contain 
5,000 board feet or more per acre, and 94,659 acres containing hard- 
wood stands of less than 5,000 feet; on the pine lands there are stands 
of 5,000 feet or more on 601 acres, and of less than this on 144; while 
mixed hardwood and pine are all less than 5,000 feet to the acre, with 
a total area of 3,810 acres. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


The cut of approximately 30 mills in Baltimore County, most of 
them of the portable kind, supplemented by that of numerous individ- 
ual timber operators, many of them with woodlots of their own, 
amounted in 1914 to 2,119,584 cubic feet of wood, with a value at 
points of production of $308,186. Of this, of course, lumber repre- 
sented the major part, followed by railroad ties, poles, pulpwood, 
cordwood, piling, export wood, shingles, fence posts, tanbark, mine 
props, and lath. Baltimore County has the greatest mileage in rail- 
way lines of any county in the State. One railroad follows the south- 
west border for about 18 miles; there are 111 miles of five different 
lines in the county itself; and a large additional mileage in the elec- 
tric lines which extend from Baltimore City in all directions. The re- 
sult is a large demand and a good price for railroad ties, and as these 
are a product for which the county has many suitable woods, the cut- 
ting of cross-ties is an important local industry. There is enough 
chestnut in the county, and a sufficient number of pole-lines, to make 
poles a considerable product, while cordwood is characterized by a 
heavy demand and a profitable market. Convenient railway lines and 
extensive highways in an improved condition make practically all of 
the county’s forests accessible for remunerative logging operations. 

There are a total of eight retail yards located in the county at 
some distance from Baltimore City—Towson, Upper Falls, Arlington, 
Lauraville and Evergreen, all having one or more, in some cases with 
a small planing mill in connection for doing custom work. Within a 
few miles of the center of Baltimore are located the State’s most im- 
portant wood-using industries, in all nearly two hundred firms which 
use or handle wood in some form, and which are of incalculable bene- 
fit to the county in the way of products sold and wages paid. 

The woodlands are, for the greater part, well tended and carefully 
protected. Many of them form parts of large estates, and while their 
management may be guided as much by aesthetic as by commercial 
tastes, it is still a desirable condition for the county. There are resi- 
dent Forest Wardens in practically every wooded section, and it has 


PLATE IX. FIG. 1.—KEG STAVES FROM CHESTNUT. 


A Central Maryland industry, it offers another way for successful utilization of blighted trees. 
The chestnut stave is wear-resistant in service. 


PLATE IX. FIG. 2—RED OAK FOR CHAIR STOCR. 


Large sizes in this red oak lumber, a high-grade product, are sawed and saved for dimension; 
smaller pieces are cut up by the portable mill for chair leg stock, 
this method giving excellent utilization, 


BautTiMoRE CouNrtvyY. 53 


of late years been possible for-_them, through the general co-operation 
of local woodland owners, to reduce to a minimum the damage from 
forest fires. Land values in this county are high, and owners of forest 
cannot afford to manage that property with less care and skill than 
they must give to other portions of their estates and farms. The cut 
now about equals the growth, and present excellent conditions contin- 
uing, there is no reason why a considerable revenue may not always be 
taken from Baltimore County’s woodlands. 


Tur Forests or MARYLAND. 


BALTIMORE COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT, 


Product. Amount. | Unit Value. | Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood......... 8,570,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $154,260 
Softwood ......... 100,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M | 1,500 
Pulpwood: Pine) ....-...-.. 1,000 Cords 6.00 per Cord | 6,000 
Poplar and Gum. 1,750 Cords 7.00 per Cord 12,250 

Railroad Ties: 

Whites Oakes err eeeer ere 33,050 .65. each 21,482 
Mobs ONS Gonsodsoqcscace 59,376 45 each | 26,719 
Chestnut yaar sterner 49,893 .20 each 9,979 
Jealibite ee neem e nice ear e 158,000 Lineal Feet 10 per Foot 15,800 
Cordwood! i onomenee ieie 4,600 Cords 3.50 per Cord 16,100 
IODINE) JENS Gooecoscccccaccs 150 Tons: 2.50 per Ton 375 
Man QB ark Atreyu eesti: 70 Tons 8.50 per Ton 595 
IROES soonvcaanccesascacbo0e 11,175 3.00 each 33,525 
Shingles aici caqerssrs cae 750,000 4.25 per M 3,187 
ba threrte oe ctr ence 25,000 3.25 per M 81 
POSS) Kory. aveiaecnauercteesieree ae aoe 18,420 15 each 2,763 
Export lo gs eect shers 119,000 Board Feet 30.00 per M 3,070 
Mhe County, sees ree 2,119,584 Cubie Feet $308,186 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
Hardwood Pine 
Hardwood Pine Total $5.00 $5.00 Total 
Acres. Acres. % M Bd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft per M. per M. $ 
1 17,460 5,164 30 8,529 24 8,553 $42,645 $120 $42,765 
2 28,750 8,744 29 YA alain ac aoe 18,497 PAIS || oo onoocuos 92,485 
3 20,820 4,820 23 11,241 36 11,277 56,205 180 56,385 
4 37,580 8,624 23 20,841 155 20,996 104,205 775 104,980 
5 28,290 4,487 16 10,145 396 10,541 50,725 1,980 52,705 
6 22,870 7,089 31 Shayla Gage oa hoo'c 8,475 ASTON nee Bie 42,375 
of 52,670 8,142 15 10,485 56 10,541 52,425 280 52,705 
8 41,273 9,207 22 YL BBO || o oacc0tc06 24,330 UPLAGSO || Poasacocce 121,650 
9 23,370 5,160 22 14,333 [cette ees 14,333 TALKS Igabocbo 008 71,665 
10 30,980 6,120 20 MAPS O5F Miecspressiet are 14,325 TUB || ooocacaeas 71,625 
11 42,930 14,413 34 30,427 1,152 31,579 152,135 5,760 157,895 
12 8,180 873 11 CHeJeules Gore ooaoe x 668 SSAC Seca 3,340 
13 9,178 1,186 13 W525), ieee een 1,525 WG2D: rar arslokoretae tees 7,625 
14 14,180 3,087 27 4,696 102 4,798 23,480 510 23,990 
15 23,650 16,399 69 22,835 6,070 28,905 114,175 30,350 144,525 
The County | 403,181 103,515 24 201,352 7,991 209,343 $1,006,760 $39,955 | $1,046,715 


SEN ea Ra et ante 
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“MAP OF 
BALTIMORE COUNTY 


AND BALTIMORE corny 
SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED By 
W. BESLEY 


FL 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. w. BESLEY 
UXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FoneatEn 


1915, 
SCALE: 
1 
1 Inch equals 6 Miles or 17,09 Of Natural Seale 


FOREST SURVEY. 1910 


TYPES 
erchantable Hardwoods (M) 
uiled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


Scrub Pine (S) 
Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


epee 


bi 
Ceti NK Perle i 
t i ita! x 
Ville 
=o Ry If 
Sawa / 
Gb. will ‘ B 
vi 7 7 
le nwy/A 
ain Be 
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erteuPBely Ze 
eon 
an 
ard 
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ports tetnid. Abe = 
Renwea ss : 
Pa, BNI. Gf Balliston Pt 
5 a = 
cen ANN 
ie SS intron vv 
liflor-A Mason oe SS BEF 
\Clifio, ane AD, Asin Ria E : y/ 
andgddy Looe Darton ae A 3} 
acd NI &-Midb\imenhod 1} Dei eed SS F 
LE tad 7h Sonth * e RANGE LIGHT 
gen” Ab pose Wenn \ 
‘ie eo) fy} 1, | Cong. Y 
! My Shore 
lapse \ erator —— AS ie Jato | 
i ZZ ) 


M? - - - 9,000 — 14,000 
M2. = - 3,500 — 9,000 
ci. . - 2000 = 31500 
C2 =. - 1000= 2/000 
c - = 0 = 1000 
S? = = 10,000 — 15,000 
S$? - = - 2,000 — 10,000 
St = - -  0= 2000 
Cs? - - - 2,000= 6,000 
yy, CS" = - - 1000— 2,000 
0,07? ~ 5,000 —. 2,000. 
TUT , 

a 4 AL 
Akingsy eT) SaNBipoer 
=A <Vilav tion 
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> f 
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4 


CALVERT COUNTY. 


Calvert, the smallest County in the State, is one of the group of 
southern Maryland Counties lying between the Chesapeake Bay on 
the east and the Patuxent River on the west. The County’s chief 
topographic feature is a ridge which extends from north to south, of 
which the greatest elevation is 200 feet, from that sloping down to the 
Patuxent on one side and Chesapeake Bay on the other. The greater 
part of the drainage is westward to the Patuxent River, which is navi- 
gable along the County’s entire border. The local soil is for the most 
part light, sandy loam, though ranging from pure sand along the 
shore line to a clay loam in the east-central part. 


THE ForESTs. 


The County’s present wogded area amounts to 45 per cent, and 
since this region has been settled for longer than 250 years the pres- 
ent line of demarkation between forest and farm has become clearly 
defined. Of the three classes of forest shown on the map—hardwood, 
pine, and mixed hardwood and pine—there are certain sub-divisions 
growing out of the many variations of topography and soil. At pres- 
ent the forests which comprise nearly half the land area are rather 
uniformly distributed along the streams and ravines, where they fol- 
low the drainage contours closely. The light soil is subject to erosion 
wherever steep slopes occur, and consequently experience has shown 
that such lands are best retained in forest. As these slopes and 
stream beds constitute a large percentage of the total area, it is likely 
that nearly all of the present forested areas will be continued in 
forest. Indeed, for the past forty years, more land, once deforested, 
has been allowed to naturally revert to pine than has been newly 
cleared during that period. The Patuxent River side of the County 
has the larger percentage of cleared land, the amount of woodland 
also decreasing in going from the southern end of the County toward 
the north. 

The forest survey made in 1909 showed that of the wooded area 76 
per cent is hardwood forest, 17 per cent pine, and the remainder, 7 
per cent, mixed pine and hardwood. In the mixed hardwood, 8,251 
acres support stands of 5,000 board feet or over to the acre, and 39,- 
489 acres of less than this; 40 acres contain stands of pine and cypress 


55 


56 THe Forests of MARYLAND. 


in excess of 5,000 feet, and 10,482 of less; while 4,128 acres, all below 
5,000 feet, are in mixed hardwood and pine. On the more or less 
steep sides of ravines and streams a slope type of woodland is found: 
consisting of chestnut, white and red oaks, and hickory—on the upper 
slopes; tulip poplar, gum, ash, elm, and willow—on the lower. The 
bottom type occurs along the creeks where there is little fall, being 
composed of ash, elm, sycamore, red maple, and red gum. A third, 
known as the old-field type, may be distinguished frequently on 
cleared fields that- have been abandoned. These have usually grown 
-up in pine, the predominating species being loblolly and scrub pines, 
except in the southern part of the County, where the growth is more 
often of scrub pine only. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


A variety of products is derived from the Calvert County forests 
annually, contributing a total revenue of over $200,000. The amount 
cut aggregates nearly one and one-half million cubic feet, which is a 
little greater than the estimated annual increment of all the forests in 
the County. The local forest products are in part the output of 20 
mills which are in operation here, and for the rest they represent the 
eut of many individual timber operators and farmers, the latter of 
whom contribute heavily to what is taken from the forests, selling, 
however, only a part of it, and using the remainder on their farms. 
In point of value lumber ranks first, with railroad ties, piling, cord- 
wood, mine props, poles, export logs, and shingles following in the 
order named. 

Manufacturers of wood and dealers in lumber are not numerous 
in this County, and the local timber business is largely in the hands 
of the sawmill men and individual operators. These producers enjoy 
the immense advantage of easy accessibility to nearby markets, in that 
no portion of the County is farther than five miles from navigable 
water, while an improved highway passes directly through it from 
north to south. There is also some railroad transportation, though 
limited to but 10 miles which pass through east and west in the ex- 
treme northern part. 

The forests of Calvert County have been culled repeatedly, and 
the few heavy stands that still exist are found chiefly in the central 
and south-central portions. Destructive lumbering has been carried 
on here for many years and most of the cutting that has been con- 
ducted throughout the County has been wasteful in method, and im- 
provident where it concerned a future supply. Fortunately forest 
fires, prevalent and prejudicial to good forests in many sections of 


CALVERT CouUNTY. 57 


the State, are seldom experienced here, so that with the new and 
superior stand of young growth now coming up there exists a chance 
for improvement in the County’s woodland. Present cutting and an- 
nual growth are not far from equal. With judicious handling they 
may be kept so, at the same time that the cut is increased and new 
markets in this important trade developed. 


THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


CALVERT COUNTY, 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Iumber: Hardwood ....... 4,020,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $72,360 
Softwoodesaceeecre 1,005,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 15,075 
Pulp wood) cscciccr elefeusereiiciee 1,650 Cords 6.00 per Cord 9,900 
JienhAvL WES: 655500000000000 112,000 -50 each 56,000 
PUNO eictacio aiiceke enters 215,000 Lineal Feet 10 per Foot 21,500 
Cordwood: aiscacisescsseseee 2,750 Cords 3.00 per Cord 8,250 
Maney Props crisis sii 2,800 Tons 2.50 per Ton 7,000 
POlES | says, neycisiataneereroean aes 1,800 2.75 each 4,950 
Shinplesteyatwetiocrree 840,000 4.25 per M 3,570 
Teast? sso sieve sce tecsversrsrencievee eiesee 10,000 3,25 per M 32 
IRD Gaogoauoo )G00000000000 800 15 each 120 
lOF Goo LBS acdooc00cGb0000 128,000 Board Feet 30.00 per M 3,840 
The County............. 1,448,475 Cubic Feet =F . $202,597 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value, 
Land Area. | Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area, Diameter. 
Hardwood Pine 
Acres. Acres. % Hardwood Pine Total $4.00 $4.00 Total 
M Bd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
il 48,374 26,839 56 24,583 5,197 29,780 $98 332 $20,788 $119,120 
2 42,496 16,931 40 28,818 1,461 30,279 115,272 5,844 121,116 
3 48 462 18,620 39 17,485 1,094 18,579 69,942 4,374 74,316 
The County | 139,332 62,390 45 70,886 7,752 78,638 $283,546 $31,006 $314,552 


MAP OF 
CALVERT COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


an 


730 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK  F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE roRcaTen 


3 


1915 
SCALE: 


1 
1 Inch equals 8 Miles or =o; of Natural Seale 


<a 


Nive 


FOREST SURVEY, 1909 


UNF: 


TYPES 


Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
[Culled Hardwoods (C) 
| Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


SNI7 


; Loblolly Pine (L) 
= Secub Pine (5) 
[ Cypross (Cy) 
Loblolly Pine Saplings (Ls) 
Scrub Pino Saplings (Ss) 


=. Hardwoods and Serub Pine (CS) 


\ 
i STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD. 
| FEET AND SCRUB PINE IN CORDS 
i M? - 6,000 — 10,000 
| me 3,000 — 6,000 
c 1,500 — 3,000 
@ 500 — 1,500 
oo 0— 500 
ie 1,000 — 3,000 
s* 20 — 40 Cords 
S? == 0 ~20 Cords 
Cy? = - 5,000 — 10,000 
C?s? - - 1,000 — 2,000 
cs? - - 500 — 1,000 
C*S? - - 1,000— 3,000 f) 
es7--  0= ‘500 AY | 
CM 
1 
We 
Nay) 
KJ 
\ 


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\ James! (y 


\ VIN 


\ 
\ \ 

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é SS. \ 
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Me 3 ~ a a 
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yan 


CAROLINE COUNTY. 


Caroline County lies well in the central part of the eastern shore 
peninsula. The land is comparatively flat, the average elevation vary- 
ing only from about 10 feet along the Choptank River to 75 in the 
northern end of the county. The soils are for the most part sandy 
loam, with a large acreage suitable for farming, as well as much that 
is capable when rightly handled of producing excellent stands of 
merchantable pine. 

THe Forests. 


At the present time forest lands are somewhat evenly distributed 
over the County, with the exception of the central part at Denton, 
Ridgely, and Goldsboro, where there has been extensive clearing of 
land in recent years. The total wooded area is now but 30 per cent. 
The northern third of the County lies in the hardwood belt, while in 
the remainder pure stands of pine predominate, with frequent areas 
of pine and hardwood forests in mixture. The hardwood forests are 
made up principally of several kinds of oak, red and black gum, tulip 
poplar, and hickory. The gums and maple, with willow and pin 
oaks, occur in the swamp lands, while the white and red oaks and hick- 
ory are found on well-drained soils. Although only two are abundant, 
several species of pine occur in the County. Of these, loblolly pine 
is easily the most valuable as well as common, the next in importance 
being scrub or spruce pine, which is found in the central part of the 
County and, to a limited extent, in the southern part as well. 

The great progress which this County has made in agriculture 
within the last decade has had a marked influence upon forest dis- 
tribution. The better soils have been, and are still being, rapidly 
cleared, and the local demand for timber has caused severe culling 
and a heavy drain upon the forest. In the mixed pine and hardwood 
stands, which form so large a part of the forest throughout the central 
and southern portions of the County, the pine has generally been 
taken. Less valuable hardwoods are left, and this process has natur- 
ally and very materially changed the composition of the forests, and 
brought about in them a marked deterioration. It is probable that 
when the new young stands of hardwood mature and are cut, that 
pine will very generally return, as it is a species which quickly re- 
seeds openings where soil is suitable. Outside of the swampy areas 
where gum, maples and water oak predominate, the soil is usually well 


59 


60 THe Forests or MARYLAND. 


adapted to pine. Stands of hardwood and of pine are very evenly 
matched so far as their extent is concerned, there being 34 per cent 
of each in the County’s wooded area, while the remaining 32 per cent 
is comprised of a mixed stand of each. The forest survey of 1910 in- 
dicated that of the total area in woodland, 1,861 acres contain stands 
of hardwood in excess of 5,000 feet per acre, while the much greater 
total of 19,775 acres has stands of less than this; pine stands of 5,000 
feet or more occupy 1,825 acres, with 19,206 acres or less; while 20,- 
167 acres represent the area in mixed. stands, all of which fall under 
5,000 feet per acre. 
USES OF THE FORESTS. 

The timber cut of Caroline County for the past five years has, con- 
sidering the County’s size, been exceptionally large, but is now rapid- 
ly becoming less as the result of timber exhaustion which seems to be 
quite general. In 1914 the 61 sawmills, and probably many more in- 
dividual operators among the landowners and farmers, produced a 
total of 1,546,000 cubic feet of wood, with a value at the mill or ship- 
ping point of $178,654. In this County as in the rest, lumber is the 
most important of its forest products, both in amount and value, it 
being followed by cordwood, piling, mine props, railroad ties, pulp- 
wood, poles, lath, shingles, and fence posts. There was also a large 
amount of veneer included in the total lumber cut, there being a con- 
siderable demand for such material because of the number of local 
concerns using fruit and vegetable packages made up of cheap 
veneers. In fact, the falling off in the County’s present timber cut is 
having a marked influence upon these separate industries, as the 
boxes, crates, baskets, and construction material which they require 
for canning, trucking, and building cannot be obtained elsewhere as 
advantageously as they may be at home. There are 7 retail yards and 
4 planing mills which are well distributed over the County, they being 
located at Denton, Goldsboro, Greensboro, Preston, and Ridgely; at 
Greensboro and Ridgely are plants manufacturing crates and baskets, 
box factories at Denton, Federalsburg, and Preston. Wood-using in- 
dustries are well represented in this County, as they should be in a 
section where timber production and timber growing are both of im- 
portance. 

Transportation facilities are excellent for marketing forest pro- 
ducts, and there is little of the County’s timber which cannot be used 
because it is inaccessible. The Choptank River is navigable as far as 
Denton, the County seat, and 4 lines of railway traverse Caroline 
County for a total of 45 miles. No section is farther than 7 miles 
from a railroad, which, together with the considerable number of im- 
proved macadam roads extending in all directions, gives to the entire 
County excellent means of transportation. 


PLATE X. FIG. 1—LOADING MINE PROPS. 


As a source of props for outside use, the Eastern Shore, with its loblolly pine, 
at present takes high rank. 


PLATE X. FIG. 2—HIGH-GRADE MARYLAND POPLAR. 


Large yellow poplar logs like these, with black walnut, are used whenever obtainable by local 
manufacturers of first-quality veneers; and considerable quantities of these 
woods, in the log, are normally demanded by the export trade. 


CAROLINE CouNTY. 61 
CAROLINE COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT, 
Product. Amount, Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood Ta Beato 4,300,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $77,400 
Softwood ......... 3,150,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 47,250 
UP WOO Giese) sores) eherelelelelelsiekes) 450 Cords 5.50 per Cord 2,475 
Railroad Hes. 2.55.4... 6,500 .60 each 3,900 
lenin “ONS Soncccupoeeooar 20,000 10 per Foot 2,000 
PIM Oleietecstoie velseerencierdos 100,000 .10 per Foot 10,000 
CWondwiood Geren crete ciel erie -ne 7,800 Cords 3.00 per Cord 23,400 
IMGING IBRNS oloooucecsubocdos 3,000 Tons 2.75 per Ton 8,250 
ols cocososneeneeaeaee 1,200 2.00 each 2,400 
SMG coooodcaoecnono0KE 112,000 4.50 per M 504 
LEN 6 sacadkdbo OOOO TOUS 200,000 3.50 per M 700 
OSES Mmetetanrcter stele sities nie eilcis os \eie'e 2,500 .15 each 375 
The County............. 1,546,000 Cubie Feet Bava t $178,654 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
il 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
: Hardwood Pine 
Acres. Acres, % Hardwood Pine Total $4.00 $5.00 Total 
MBad. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | MBad. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
1 22,840 6,138 Q7 3,504 2,320 | 5,824 | $14,016] $11,600} $25,616 
2 33,210 10,283 31 6,943 4,802 11,745 27,772 24,010 51,782 
3 28,970 10,993 38 7,687 11,445 19,132 30,748 57,225 87,973 
4 32,590 8,777 27 2,032 17,768 19,800 8,128 88,840 96,968 
5 21,650 8,167 38 2,782 11,374 14,156 11,128 56,870 67,998 
6 24,040 5,318 25 2,578 5,191 7,769 10;312 25,995 36,307 
if 16,760 3,656 22 2,931 1,217 3,448 8,924 6,085 15,009 
8 28,290 9,502 34 3,520 7,745 11,265 14,080 38,725 52,805 
The County | 208,350 | 62,834 30 31,277 61,862 93,139 | $125,108} $309,350) $434,458 


TSekenngtiaamn takeae aioe ee ee ae 


ay 


MAP OF 
CAROLINE COUNTY te <5 


FOREST AREAS 


By 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FOREGTER 


1915 


SCALE: 
1 


ia7a09 Of Natural Seale 


1 Inch equals 8 Miles or 


FORESY SURVEY, 1910 


TYPES 

Merchantablo Hardwoods (M) 
a eer) 
L Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


Loblolly Pine (L) 
Scrub Pine (S) 


Loblolly Pine Saplings (Le) 
—— Scrub Pino Saplings (Ss) 


Mixed Hardwoods end Loblolly Pine (CL) Ni 
Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pina (CS) 
Hardwood Saplings and Loblolly Pine Saplings (Hsls) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 

3,500 — 8,000 

- 1,500 — 3,500 

- §500— 1,500 


0 — 1,000 


DONTE GPC el IIE 2 


COCA AC ea 


Dy, a | 
sal ove 
= 


< 
( 
RS 


Les 


rappe Lag enpe 
“P ye 


} 
1S Finchwvilte| 


CARROLL COUNTY. 


Carroll County lies in the Piedmont section of the northern cen- 
tral portion of the State. It is distinctly an agricultural County, 
since only 13 per cent of it is forest, and 76 per cent improved farm 
land in a high state of cultivation. The surface is somewhat broken 
by irregular valleys and rounded hills, with Parr’s Ridge, the most 
prominent elevation, extending northeast and southwest through the 
central part of the County. Along this ridge, and to the east of it, 
occurs by far the larger portion of the County’s woodlands. 


Tuer Forests. 


Local woodlands consist for the greater part of woodlots owned 
by farmers, and confined to the lands not readily arable. The good 
soils of the county are refiected in the forest growth, which is excep- 
tional, and marked by tall and well-proportioned trees. The forests 
are principally hardwood, with a few woodlots in the western part in 
which mixed hardwoods and pine occur. The principal commercial 
species are white and red oaks, tulip poplar, hickory, and chestnut, 
The latter is abundant on Parr’s Ridge and the hills northeast of 
Westminster, though not of frequent occurrence in other portions of 
the county. It has been so severely attacked by the blight that it is 
not likely to possess much commercial importance in the future. 

The forests of Carroll County are chiefly noteworthy for the very 
high percentage of hardwood timber which they contain. The forest 
survey of the County’s woodlands, made in 1911, shows that 1 per 
cent only is in mixed pine and hardwood, the remaining 99 per cent 
being pure hardwoods in either culled or merchantable stands. Of this, 
3,513 acres have stands of hardwood amounting to 5,000 feet or more 
per acre, with 35,401 acres of hardwood amounting to less than this; 
only 359 acres are in hardwood and pine, and all of this in stands of 
less than 5,000 feet. 


UsES OF THE FORESTS. 
Forest products obtained annually from this limited area of wood- 


land amount in value to $118,800, in volume to 991,960 cubic feet. 
This represents the cut of 25 mill and timber operators, nearly all of 


63 


64 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


the former employing portable mills.- Lumber ranks first in order of 
production and value, with railroad ties second, and cordwood third. 
Then follow, in order of relative importance, poles, shingles, pulp- 
wood, tanbark, posts and export logs. These forest products are 
made readily accessible by 55 miles of railway lines in the County, 
and 17 additional along its southern border. There are also numer- 
ous improved highways which give access to all parts of the County 
and furnish cheap means of transportation for the hauling and mark- 
eting of forest products. There are 17 retail yards, located at Hamp- 
-stead, Keymar, Linwood, Mt. Airy, New Windsor, Sykesville, Taney- 
town, Union Bridge, and Westminster, while the manufacturing part 
of the business is represented by only a planing mill at Mt. Airy, saw 
and shingle mills at Woodbine, some cooperage work and wagon build- 
ing at Westminster. 

In general the stand of timber per acre is good, due to the rich 
soil and protection from forest fires, in which respect Carroll ranks 
fifth among the counties. The timber values are correspondingly 
high, and there exists a stable local demand. Since the woodlots are 
more or less isolated, and protected by the owners, fires are infre- 
quent, and the present tendency is toward the production of good 
timber. In an agricultural sense Carroll County is highly developed, 
and proper management of its wooded area cannot help but contri- 
bute substantially to its general prosperity along these lines. 

The forest products of this County will of course never be of para- 
mount importance because of the restricted area devoted to forest 
culture, but the per acre production should be high because of good 
soil and the intensive methods which generally prevail. The native 
tree species which are reproduced are of high commercial value, the 
fire danger is well under control, and the farmer with his relatively 
small woodlot is in a position to give careful attention to it. The 
present annual cut of 991,960 cubic feet on the 39,292 acres in forest 
represents very nearly the annual increment, and this cut may be 
maintained under present methods. Improved means of handling the 
forests—complete fire protection, better systems of cutting to favor 
the young growth, elimination of unprofitable trees, and restricted 
grazing of the woodlands—would in a few years increase present pro- 
duction 60 per cent. There is generally a good local demand for wood 
and timber, favoring close utilization and a profitable forest man- 
agement. 


CARROLL CouUNTY. 


CaRROLL COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT, 


65 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Mixed Oak........ 2,490,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $44,820 
Chestnut ......... | _ 1,410,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 21,150 
ulpwood se site we ecssiess neues | 300 Cords 6.50 per Cord 1,950 
Railroad Ties: 
iWihitenOaler.-qeitris sive - 19,000 - .65 each 12,350 
Mixed @ alkamewierersievetel 1. cchs iets) - 19,000 .45 each 8,500 
@hestnutemncimeccicsscs ac 19,000 .20 each 3,800 
Word woodin ten asi sewersnlee se| 4,500 3.50 per Cord 15,750 
SRD, IAI 5o0000006000000000 180 Tons 8.50 per Ton 1,530 
Poles: Chestnut ............ 1,800 3.00 each 5,400 
SiG sococoovacscca000000 500,000 4.50 per M 2,250 
JRO), -\o Geo che ieee ee ane 3,500 .20 each , 700 
Go LOIS 5ag6000000000000 | 20,000 Board Feet 30.00 per M 600 
The County... ...-.-.--..|| 991,960 Cubie Feet $118,800 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
| Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total | Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land | Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
| Hardwood Pine 
Acres. Acres. % Hardwood Pine Total $5.00 $5.00 Total 
M Bad. Ft. | M Ba. Ft. | MBd. Ft. per M. per M $ 
= | —— 
1 25,975 | 1,518 | 6 4,732 | 160 4,892 $23,660 $800 $31,660 
2 21,136 1,455 a He | soo ono ce 5,144 ZONTAON Wereveloreteteleters 25,720 
3 25,735 | 3,301 | 13 ORG || o ceoopnedc 9,855 AON O TOillratervetetereleiehe 49,275 
4 57,804 | 10,779 | * 19 PX} || 5 coocnno00 21,426 UOT BO} c cocadadoo 107,130 
5 17279 Taga Broad 19 GiSOSh ae eel) 6,398 i990) asec 31,990 
6 34,524 | 6420 | 19 T2OOSM eee 12,008 GOOAO| schcoseces 60,040 
7 30,082 —-2,998 10 CIOS Biol! sans 6,983 | SANOMS Wie stics «4s 34,915 
8 20,229 2,980 15 TAINO MER eho 3 Gio | RS G0)|| Co paneeads 35,550 
8) 18,081 | 3,199 18 4b (X03) || gs ovo cpacoo 4,608 PEDO Gooondgdo0 23,040 
10 13,797 869 6 2,407 | 19 2,426 | 12,035 95 12,130 
11 15,907 693 4 LON, "|| Se Bence 1,914 OBO! occnedneor 9,570 
12° 4,725 188 | 4 GS |. o oeeec0000 687 308) | ooo bo0000C 3,435 
13 10,237 LS |) ae SB | we aecdece 2,105 101525) eee eee 10,525 
The County | 296,029 | 39,292 13 85,377 179 85,556 $426,885 $895 $427,780 


SCALE: 
1 
187,500 


of Natural Scale 


1 Inch equals 3 Miles or 


FOREST SURVEY, 1911 


TYPES 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


Mia oe - - 6,000 — 15,000 
Ms - - = = 4000— 6,000 
or ee ee 0008 e000, 
Cc? ee en OOO 000 
cs Sioes a we 0-- 1,000 


CS cee 0— 500 


MAP OF 
CARROLL COUNTY 
SHOWING THY 
FOREST AREAS 
By 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED DY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK 
EXECUTIVE OFricen 


F.W. BESLEY 
STATE FORESTER 


1 


1 Inch equals $ Miles or 55 of Natural Scale 


FOREST SURVEY, (911 


TYPES 


fsa Morchantable Hardwoods (M) 
eee 


____} Culled Hardwoods (C) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 

- 6,000 — 15,000 
Mega 4,000 — 6,000 _ 
2,000 — 4,000 
1,000 — 2,000 ¥ 
: : 0— 1,000 
Ry oes Oo— 500 


20200 


SSp 
(Oakland 
= as 


ue 


la) 
t } 


3B 


CECIL COUNTY. 


Cecil County is located at the northeast corner of Maryland. 
Bounded on the east side by Delaware and on the north by Pennsyl- 
vania, it is at the beginning of Chesapeake Bay, from which tidewater 
streams cut deeply into the County from two sides. The Susquehan- 
na River is the dividing-line between this County and Harford, on 
the western side, while the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
divides it into two distinct areas—on the southeast the Coastal Plain, 
and on the northern side the Piedmont Plateau. Low hills and broad 
valleys characterize the topography of much of Cecil County, these 
elevations rising to Black Hill, at a height of 311 feet, in the corner 
of the County known as Elk Neck. Local soils vary much, from those 
which are barren to others exceedingly rich. The poorer situations 
are in the northwestern part, sassafras loam in the northeast, and in 
the southern section both sand and loam. There is much good farm 
land in the latter, as also in the northern central part. In the north- 
west are the more rocky soil formations, with many fair-sized patches 
of forest. 


THE FORESTS. 


Forests distinctly characteristic of the Coastal Plain and Pied- 
mont divisions meet in this county, of which 24 per cent is wooded. 
Although there is no portion of the county where there is not a fair 
amount of forest, it is in the central part, from Perryville to Leslie, 
and south from Leslie along Elk Neck, that the largest bodies of wood- 
land occur. The area north of Perryville represents in large part the 
holdings, at one time or another, of the present Whitaker Iron Com- 
pany, originally the old Principio Furnace. As such it has been cut 
over and ‘‘charcoaled’’ repeatedly, which, together with the now pre- 
valent chestnut blight and the logging operations necessitated by the 
utilization of affected timber, has had an important bearing upon the 
present wooded area. In 1722 the Principio Furnace was first placed 
in operation. During the Revolutionary period it furnished muni- 
tions to the armies of Washington, and from Colonial days to the pres- 
ent it has been in continuous operation, though the output within 
recent years has become relatively small. 


67 


—————— OO eee 


68 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


The forests in the upper part of the County are principally in 
woodlots, and in the southern half are confined in large part to the 
shores of the Bay and along the numerous tidewater streams. Where 
the Piedmont section occurs, the most important trees are the white 
and black oaks, chestnut, hickory and poplar; in the Coastal Plain 
there are Spanish, willow, pin and swamp white oaks, as well as guiv. 
In the east-central part of the County there are scattered clusters of 
scrub pine, but no real softwood forests. A forest survey made in 
1911 showed Cecil County’s woodlands to be exceptional, in that they 
ranked as 100 per cent hardwood—21,738 acres containing timber 
amounting to 5,000 board feet and upward per acre, and 50,805 acres 
of less. 


USES OF THE FOREST. 


There are 24 portable and stationary mills, principally the former, 
in operation, and their cut in 1914 aggregated 716,780 cubic feet of 
wood, worth $96,893. Lumber came first, then poles, cordwood, piling, 
charcoal, pulpwood, railroad ties, shingles, posts and lath. Practically 
all of the pole material was chestnut, which since the introduction of 
the blight has been cut and marketed in constantly increasing quanti- 
ties, and often at unreasonably low prices, in order to make some 
utilization of the affected trees. It is easy and quite profitable to 
market railroad ties here, for there are 62 miles of railway in the 
County, a consequently favorable market, and easy accessibility to 
wooded regions. At Colora, Conowingo, Elkton, Georgetown, Leslie, 
North East, Port Deposit, and Rising Sun there are retail lumber 
yards. There are also planing mills at Elkton and Port Deposit, a 
boat yard at Chesapeake City, and one for barges at Elkton. In view 
of superior facilities for water transportation, it seems that there 
might be additional opportunities for the development and enlarge- 
ment of this branch of the wood-using industry. 

In the past, forest fires have been prevalent in this County, much 
to the detriment of existing woodlands. Local forests have suffered 
much in this respect, as also later from the blight, and frequently 
from wasteful cutting. In the better agricultural districts clearing 
for farming is going on, and much of the older farm lands are grow- 
ing up in trees of inferior species. From these causes and others the 
forests of Cecil County may hardly be said to be in the most desirable 
or productive condition; prompt and efficient measures are needed 
for their improvement. 


—— =~ — 


Crciu County. 


69 


Ceci CouNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ........ 2,972,000 Board Feet $17.50 per M $52,010 
Softwood ......... 100,000 Board Feet 14.00 per M 1,400 
HEP WOOd: cicrciesceleisyetel sie esi « 600 Cords 5.50 per Cord 3,300 
Ratlroad Ties wers. sci a 4,500 55 each 2,475 
Li aye tete ores ore nieve crecekeherers ae 40,000 Lineal Feet -10 per Foot 4,000 
Cordwoodurrretctl eerie tricia 3,200 3.50 per Cord 11,200 
JAMES ovdoccoooan0dbacoaneaD 7,000 2.50 each 17,500 
Shin olesier ae relieictefsievcroiene ans, -<1e 200,000 4.50 per M 900 
TAG obo ghogeaeeeeeoc anaes 45,000 3.50 per M 158 
UBOSUS Grete vcacte spe tyes cecesstcrstela cyan 3,000 15 each 450 
Chancoallgerrrereynrrrciierecisererr 35,000 Bushels .10 per Bushel 3,500 
them Countbyvrrrtr citer: 716,780 Cubic Feet $96,893 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
| 
| Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet | 
Total Wooded | Per Cent | (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. | More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. | Diameter. | 
6 | Hardwood | Pine 
Acres. | Acres, Ca Eee eter reece. cee0Or | 384.50 Total 
A] per M. per M. $ 
al 42,361 5,812 13 | 12,799 12,799 CHUL ING | oosaesonoe $51,196 
2 29,154 8,004 27 | USOily || 600000000 18,917 VOLES | occocdo0d0 75,668 
3 25,675 4,167 16 IAL b¥18) |, oso vb0 0c 11,549 AGO GI Wlevaicis oi eheises 46,196 
4 18,102 2,739 14 GG || 5000000001 8,617 SAPAG Si Ware tereiers 34,468 
5 45,132 17,676 38 THEEM, |oooccauec 15,532 GANA! scosogeods 62,128 
6 19,765 2,992 15 6,271 6,271 DERM etre arene: - 25,084 
7 17,086 5,700 33 TE Gis Tie|erctecseteyarens 7,617 30%468) rsa. ie ae. - 30,468 
8 10,775 4,692 45 AGTH honing eal 4,960 ICAI so 19,840 
9 | 15,147 1,761 12 3,070 3,070 12.930 cencoanoee 12,280 
The County | 223,197 53,543 24 GOS “15 aos cccace 89,332 OBO, G3 || o eacobaoe0 $357,328 


2 Saeraacommy 


Cita nero mrt nent ir 


Sage 


—> 


'- 


‘| 
vd 
; } 
| 

| 

i 

| 


Neen 
iil G 

MAP OF : 
CECIL COUNTY f 


SHOWING THE y 

FOREST AREAS ie 
BY 

COMMERCIAL TYPES _)\ 


F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK _ F. W. BESLEY 


EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORCOTER 
1915 
SCALE: 
1 
1 Inch equals 3 Miles 0: Nat Si 
i files or 137,600 °f Natural Scale 


FORESY survey, 1911 


TYPES 
Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


= 
° 
1S 
So 
1 
2 
r=) 
6 
r=) 


200 
° 
=) 
S 

| 
y 
° 
8 
Ss 


0 — 1,000 


PREPARED BY ZA 


Arg 
$// 


Gi 
Gg 


~Thagker) 


af (Gas Toa 


| 
Sugsairas~ A 


CHARLES COUNTY. 


Charles is distinctively a ‘‘southern Maryland’’ County, low-lying, 
along tidewater for the most part, and well in the Coastal Plain Divis- 
ion. On the west and south it is bordered by the Potomac, while on 
the eastern side the Patuxent River touches it for several miles. 
Prince George’s County is on the northern side, with Calvert on the 
east. Light soils—from pure sand to sandy loam—predominate, and 
along the swampy sections there is a large amount of clay. <A great 
part of this County was once intensively farmed, but changed econo- 
mie conditions have brought about a reversion to forest of much that 
was once cleared for agriculture. 


Tur FORESTS. 


Excepting the mountain counties of Garrett and Allegany, Charles 
County possesses the largest percentage of forested land in Maryland, 
59 per cent of its total area being in woodland. Unlike the forests of 
those sections, the tree growth here is not, in great part, on land that 
has never been cleared, but represents instead once cleared lands that 
since have been abandoned and naturally reforested. Pine has come 
up on much of this land, and it is usually possible in the young stands 
to still trace the lines of the old corn-rows. Fine young stands, both 
of hardwood and scrub pine, are abundant, but there is little timber 
of saw-log size near the railroads, where close cutting has been prac- 
ticed for many years. 

Great differences of elevation, with their corresponding change of 
type, do not exist in Charles County, but there are increasing stands 
of scrub pine, and the usual culled and merchantable hardwoods. 
There is a distinct swamp type of hardwood growth, with pin, willow, 
and swamp white oak, beech, river birch, black gum, red maple, red 
gum, and tulip poplar. In other sections the forests of hardwood 
partake of two different types, an upland and a lowland type. In the 
former are black, scarlet, and Spanish oaks, chestnut, hickory and 
serub pine; in the latter white and red oaks, tulip, black gum and red 
gum. The forests of this county consist of 43 per cent hardwoods, 11 
per cent pine, and 46 per cent mixed stands. On 6,868 acres of hard- 
wood forest, according to the survey of 1912, there are stands of 5,000 
feet or more per acre, and on 66,037 acres there are hardwood stands 


71 


+] 
bo 


Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


of less than this; pine stands of 5,000 feet upward occupy 5,243 acres, 
less than this, 13,609 acres; while mixed stands of pine and hardwood 
are all below 5,000 feet, and occur on 79,790 acres of land. 


USES OF THE FOREST. 


The past ten years have brought a new forest industry to Charles 
County in the sale of scrub pine for pulpwood. Previous to this, the 
stands of pine were justly considered to be of small value, but now 
Charles is the one county in the State to have the amount and value of 
some other forest product exceed that of lumber. In 1914, 30 sawmills 
and the many more individual timber operators produced a total cut 
of 5,838,080 cubic feet, with a value of $484,866. Of this, $318,000 
represented the pulpwood cut, with lumber next, then railroad ties, 
for which there exists a considerable demand, piling, mine props, 
poles, cordwood, shingles, veneer woods, charcoal, posts and lath. 
Small portable mills are chiefly responsible for the lumber cut, many 
operating as such in the winter, and being used in summer for thresh- 
ing. The timber industry locally is closely confined to the producers, 
with no manufacturing worthy of comment. There are 30 miles of 
railway lines in Charles County, but aside from the stands of timber 
closely adjoining these lines it is difficult to make very long hauls at a 
profit. Traffic over the ordinary country road in winter is apt to be 
difficult, but of late several State highways have been completed 
which make parts of the county not on a railroad much more accessi- 
ble. In addition, the Patuxent is navigable far above Benedict, in 
Charles County, while on the Potomac there are several steamboat 
lines which touch at local landings. 

The future of forestry in the county is uncertain. The large bodies 
of arable land which reverted to forest as a result of economic condi- 
tions following the Civil War are still in forest. There is, however, 
the strong feeling that much of this land will in time be again cleared 
for agricultural crops. Such unstable conditions seriously interfere 
with systematic forest management; most of the owners are inclined 
to cut all merchantable material regardless of the future, and in con- 
sequence there is a very large percentage of severely culled forests of 
low production. 

A decided change in policy is needed to secure the best results. It 
should be the object of the woodland owner to handle his property 
for successful timber crops by leaving after each cutting a sufficient 
amount of young growing stock to insure another cut in fifteen or 
twenty years, except in the case of pine stands, where clear cutting 
is usually best. 


CHARLES COUNTY. 


CHARLES COUNTY. 


73 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 3,507,500 Board Feet $16.00 per M $56,920 
Softwoodumererech 1,770,000 Board Feet 14.00 per M 24,780 
IPD WCOC cocoooen cabo cen aoe 53,000 Cords 6.00 per Cord 318,000 
ikea el MNES) Goacowaaouoanne 106,000 5D each 58,300 
JEEP o.0.G. cdo Bie cioee0e MO Cero 100,000 Lineal Feet | .10 per Foot 10,000 
Cord w0Od: 26 estes cco enn 1,200 Cords 3.00 per Cord 3,600 
Wikhna Jes Aonpeeseeuae cone 2,000 Tons 2.75 per Ton 5,500 
IAGIES Cato ce nIne eee eee 2,000 2.50 each 5,000 
SIMMS soavobosbodooeoogsa 322,000 4.25 per M 1,368 
Tei, gS ein een acre 30,000 3.25 per M 98 
OST Be yee cate: coe caveucccieucuewane ari a levrelt 1,500 .20 each 300 
CHAT COallWemaere csecstanoteronuals hineuehe 10,000 Bushels .10 per Bushel 1,000 
he CountyAeeerereeee 5,838,080 Cubie Feet $484,866 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet | 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
s . Hardwood Pine 
Acres. | Acres. | % |M Bart | MBd Ft |MBa rt | 00 oe 00 Hoe 
per M. per M. $ 
1 26,421 13,569 | 51 14,501 5,720 20,221 $58,004 $22,880 $80,884 
2 36,011 | 22,430 | 62 16,008 27,006 43,014 64,032 108,024 172,056 
3 40,880 31,839 | 78 13,748 23,457 37,205 54,992 | 93,828 148,820 
4 39,411 19,802 | 50 21,868 5,713 27,581 87,472 | 22,852 110,324 
5 23,986 9,123 | 38 9,397 1,163 10,560 37,588 4,652 42,240 
6 37,555 22,679 | 60 17,912 9,655 27,567 71,648 38,620 110,268 
a 22,959 14,036 | 61 26,755 9,748 36,503 107,020 | 38,992 146,012 
8 44,816 26,571 | 59 37,807 5,330 43,137 151,228 | 21,320 172,548 
9 18,507 11,498 | 62 5,993 489 6,482 23,972 1,956 25,928 
The County | 290,546 | 171,547 | 59 163,989 88,281 252,270 $655,956 $353,124 | $1,009,080 
I 


WEN 


\ Ne 
ra 
\ 
\-sWwarteono erin, ~ 


MAP OF 
CHARLES COUNTY 
SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
ny 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 


1915 


SCALE; 
1 


1 Inch @ Miles or = Natural S 
equals & Miles oF Faq Of Nattural Scale 


FOREST SURVEY. 1912 Z 


>, 
f 


Pies 
Sie, 
epee OT 


TYPES 
Morchantablo Hardwoods (M) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 
aa] Loblolly Pine (L) 

(= Pina (3) 

Scrub Pino Saplings (Ss) 
[NEE] Mixed Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 
a TO] Mixed Hardwoods nnd Scrub Pine (CS) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD 
FEET AND SCRUB PINE IN CORDS 


Mm! - - 15,000 — 20,000 
M2 - - 8,000 — 15,000 
M2 - - 3,000 — 8,000 
ci - - 2,000 — 3,000 
cz - - 1,000— 2,000 
(SE> oa 0 — 1,000 
[rong 0 — 5,000 
Sa 35 — 50 Cords 
Sones 20 — 35 Cords 
St -- . 10 — 20 Cords 


DORCHESTER COUNTY, 


Dorchester, the third largest county in the State, les on the east- 
ern side of Chesapeake Bay between the Nanticoke and Choptank 
Rivers. The highest elevations in the county are not over 50 feet, 
with at least a half of the area below 10 feet in elevation, a fact which 
explains an area of marsh land which is larger than that of any other 
county in the State. There are few striking features of topography, 
and the soils of the higher elevations, notably in the northeastern sec- 
tion, consist principally of the Sassafras loam, one of the best agricul- 
tural formations on the eastern shore peninsula. 

The marshes of the county are of two kinds, depending upon their 
elevation, the fresh water marshes, and the salt marshes. The former 
are mainly in tree growth and constitute a considerable portion of 
the forested area, while the latter, comprising 21 per cent of the entire 
land area, are devoid of tree growth or any vegetation except coarse 
grasses common to this type. The present area in salt marshes is still 
increasing, and as the salt water extends inland, the adjoining forests 
are gradually exterminated. In the southern section of the County 
where a large percentage of the salt marsh occurs, the pine trees on 
the margins of the swamps often have a sickly yellow foliage, and their 
rate of growth is extremely slow. A little farther in the swamp will 
be found the dead stems and stumps of trees that have been overcome 
by the salt. Loblolly pine is usually the last to succumb to this in- 
fluence, but in the end is killed with the rest. 


Tue ForESTs. 


The forest area of Dorchester County, with the exception of Wor- 
cester, is greater than that of any other County on the eastern shore. 
The forests, which comprise 37 per cent of the county’s area, occur 
generally in large, continuous areas like those of western Maryland. 
A mixed growth of hardwood and pine is the predominating type. 
Though there is a small amount of scrub pine in the northeastern sec- 
tion of the County, loblolly probably constitutes 95 per cent of the 
entire stand of pine, while mixtures of pine and hardwood occurring 
on the lower ground are made up principally of loblolly, red maple, 
red gum, black gum, willow and pin oaks. The oaks do not attain 


15 


4 
Ne 


76 THE Forests OF MARYLAND. 


their best development except on the better-drained soils, where they 
are able to maintain a deep root system. In the northern section of 
the County the forests are being steadily cleared away, while in the 
southern section much more land is growing up in forest than is being 
cleared. On the whole, the ratio of forest to cleared land is being 
maintained, and away from the agricultural sections—Cambridge, 
East New Market and Hurlock—few changes are taking place. 

Loblolly pine, by far the most important of the County’s timber 
species, is well distributed over the entire area, with a greater propor- 
tion occurring on the higher places. In swamps the principal species 
are red gum and the oaks, though everywhere the absence of fires has 
greatly aided reproduction of pine. Red gum, occurring principally 
on wet lands, attains large size, and has an extensive local use for 
basket and barrel veneers. In the southern section of the County, 
where there is a general lack cf adequate transportation facilities, 
there has been less culling of the forest, but where the cutting is ex- 
treme several of the most important trees, notably red gum, are unable 
to retain their place in the forest by natural reproduction. There is 
some oak in the county, Spanish oak and willow oaks predominating, 
but the oaks are nowhere increasing, chiefly because of their poor re- 
production on the wet land of the county. 

The forests of Dorchester County are 14 per cent hardwood, 35 
per cent pine, and 51 per cent mixed hardwood and pine. In the sur- 
vey of 1910 it developed that of the hardwood forests, 2,458 acres con- 
tain stands of 5,000 feet or more per acre, with 16,395 acres of less; 
8,182 acres of pine contain 5,000 or more feet to the acre, and there 
are 40,582 where the stumpage is less; while there are 27,115 acres of 
mixed stands of 5,000, and 43,559 of less than 5,000. 


USES OF THE FOREST. 


In general, methods of cutting have been those usually employed 
where timber is cheap and transportation expensive. Since there is a 
very large percentage of the swamp type of forest, logging operations 
are often difficult, and in such locations confined to the dryer seasons 
of the year, usually during the months from September to January. 
Though only the better grades are removed in less accessible regions, 
the pine as a rule is cut closer than hardwood. In spite of this, and 
due to its greater seeding capacity, it is appearing on cut-over lands 
wherever there are openings, even securing a foothold in hardwood 
swamps where hummocks oceur. 

On the swamp lands where pine is mixed with hardwood, all of the 
pine of mine-prop or saw-log size is cut, but only the best of the hard- 


PLATE XI. FIG. 1.—THE FRESH-WATER SWAMP. 


Areas like this (Zekiah Swamp, Charles County), while typical of similar inundated lands elsewhere 
about the State, frequently contain splendid forests of white oak, poplar, and red 
gum which have been saved through their comparative inaccessibility. 


PLATE XI. FIG. 2—-THE SALT MARSH. 


There are extensive areas of salt marsh on the Eastern Shere. The loblolly pine is the last tree to 
succumb in such situations, but, as in this case, it too has finally to retire from 
these unnatural conditions, 


DoRCHESTER COUNTY. 17 


wood can be removed, largely because of its greater weight and the 
attendant difficulty of handling. Here the timber is ‘‘snaked’’ out 
to land which is dry enough for the use of high-wheel carts, the logs 
then being slung under the wheels and transported to the sawmills, 
or, in the case of mine props, to the railroads. Clear cutting is some- 
times practiced in pine stands, but the usual method is to cut to a dia- 
meter of 6 or 8 inches on the stump. There is little demand for cord- 
wood except near the towns and watercourses, and there is consequent- 
ly much debris usually found-on the ground after logging. 

There are 37 mills in Dorchester County which, together with the 
timber men and farmers who work in the woods for part of the year 
at least, produced a cut of lumber in 1914 amounting to 2,231,160 
eubie feet, and valued at $352,405. Lumber, especially pine, was by 
far the most important of the forest products, with cordwood second, 
then piling, lath, poles, railroad ties, mine-props, posts and shingles. 
There are 43 miles of railroad in the County which aid in marketing 
the forest crop, and also furnish a limited market for cross-ties. The 
roads in the County are reasonably good, and a fair share of its area 
accessible by the water route. There is a retail yard at Aireys, one at 
Hurlock, and two at Cambridge ; also, at the latter place, a boat yard, 
with planing mills at Cambridge, East New Market, Hurlock, and 
Williston; and factories for boxes or erates at Cambridge, Hurlock, 
East New Market, Rhodesdale and Williamsburg. 

Good forest management presents several problems in this County. 
Since the loblolly pine is the most valuable species and well adapted 
to nearly all of the County’s soils, it is the first tree to be encouraged 
in reproduction. The next in importance as being particularly adapt- 
ed to moist soils is red gum, and there are relatively few areas in this 
entire county that are sufficiently suitable for oak. The question of 
management is here largely one of favoring red gum in the poorly 
drained situations, and loblolly elsewhere. Both are trees of consid- 
erable value and good growth, and their encouragement cannot but 
result well for the timber owners of the County. 


THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


DCRCHESTER COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 3,525,000 Board Feet $19.00 per M $66,975 
Softwood {2 se... 16,250,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 245,250 
Railroadiieswsrer ean eenice 6,000 50 each 3,000 
Piling) cae eerie eee 150,000 Lineal Feet .08 per Foot 12,000 
Cordwoodie-he nae tetee: 4,750 Cords 3.00 per Cord 14,250 
MLDNG) TES, So00es 0000000000 810 Tons 3.00 per Ton 2,430 
IROLOS 5, 5 Fe Saeeh ee Iteree eye 1,200 j 3.00 each 3,600 
Shin les ee jcc sroeeeeee 50,000 4.50 per M 225 
Wart... wieenarhs a eek eee eee 1,250,000 3.50 per M 4,375 
OStS) oss cuaores ta ireteraae 1,500 .20 each 300 
hes Countyeente eee nrne 2,231,160 Cubic Feet $352,405 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
6 Hardwood Pine | 
per M. per M. $ 
1 28,291 17,647 60 5,642 38,972 44,614 $22,568 $194,860 $217,428 
2 15,894 3,961 24 1,607 14,806 16,413 6,428 74,030 80,458 
3 23,978 12,730 50 14,836 22,932 37,768 59,344 114,660 174,004 
4 20,694 9,872 37 3,847 26,729 30,576 15,388 133,645 149,033 
5 41,489 13,390 32 7,685 42,723 50,408 30,740 213,615 244,355 
6 9,948 1,605 NGS om Allied pce 3,610 BGO) || coo aeausns 18,050 18,050 
if 25,806 9,585 32 7,448 22,759 30,207 29,792 113,795 143,587 
8 14,706 5,049 34 402 18,708 19,110 1,608 93,540 95,148 
9 21,628 11,242 50 7,902 27,367 34,919 30,208 136,835 167,043 
10 26,854 2,671 Ol sede aee 2,129 QeVQON MWe alert 10,645 10,645 
11 29,744 | 10,931 37 2.896 15,162 18,058 11,584 75,810 87,394 
12 10,061 3,067 30 1,369 8,236 9,605 5,476 41,180 46,656 
3 32,121 10,096 31 9,203 21,633 30,836 36,812 108,165 144,977 
14 12,783 4,620 36 2,970 8,774 11,744 11,880 43,870 55,750 
15 20,196 4,959 24 1,789 12,709 14,598 7,156 63,545 70,701 
16 11,657 7,079 61 2,283 22,802 25,085 9,132 | 114,010 123,142 
17 22,809 9,787 40 11,495 5,254 16,749 45,980 | 26,270 72,250 
BS eee = 
The County | 368,669 | 138,291 37 81,024 315,305 | 396,329 $324,096| $1,576,525! $1,900,621 


ARPS 10. LN. 


f\ 
( |Sharps 
\glstand 
Ks 


Ragged 


\5| 
Kj 


James! Q 
T 


\ 
\ 
\ 
\ 
\ 
‘ove Pf. \ 
‘ 
—\| 
it 
\ 
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* a 
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Barrenll&ey) 


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wee 
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HambrookBar 


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de fh Fe | 


Royal Ouk 


MAP OF 
DORCHESTER COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 


FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK 
EXECUTIVE OFricen 


F. W. BESLEY 
STATE FORESTER 
1915 
SCALE: 
1 Inch equals 3 Miles or a of Natural Scale 
FOREST SURVEY, 1910 
TYPES 
"| Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
J Culted Hardwoods (C) 
SHAR 
| = Loblelly Pine (L) 
\ | ees Scrub Pine (S) 
\ PEE] Cobtoity Pine Saplings (La) 
i | Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 
\ My 3 
\, Ss = 
\\ | , [bear Halnell 5 Zee Mixed Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 
VA | : | ay WN Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 
\ a e . ERS EEESS Lees = 
\ } 3 Ge 
\ s \ / 
\ . | US 4 & 
Ny | 3 \ GA i STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACREIN BOARD FEET 
\ a S N Eon all lady M? = - = 4,000— 6,000 cL 5,000 — 8,000" 
\ / gil 7X) ch - - - 2,000— 4,000 cL 4,000 — 6,000 
PointNo Point . sit | { c = 1/000 — 2,000 cL 500 — 1,500 
\ { ep %. | vd GFoase 0— 1,000 Cities = 3 0\= 5500 
\\ )s yy ( vi | Wenond\ Lb = 15,000 — 25,000 Cs? - - - 2,000 — 5,000 
ty 1 Mote NY, yy) j Ls = = - 5,000 — 15,000 cst - - - 500 — 1,500 
rE {pestered aN As YM | J us > 0— 5,000 Cst --- 500— 1,000 
ley | \ is mG) | eit s = 2,000 cs!) = 0 — 500 
is_\ | malay | 


FREDERICK COUNTY. 


Frederick, the second largest County in the State, is the eastern- 
most of the four counties which form ‘‘ Western Maryland.’’ It lies 
in and to the east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, extending from the 
Pennsylvania line on the north to the Potomac River on the south. 
The main topographic features are the Blue Ridge, with its higher 
elevations, South and Catoctin Mountains; the Monocacy River, which 
traverses the central part of the County from north to south; and 
several important agricultural valleys. The Frederick Valley is close- 
ly adjacent to the Monocacy River, and east of the Catoctins; the 
Middletown Valley lies between the latter and South Mountain, and 
in both sections the amount of forest land is relatively small, and agri- 
culture highly developed. The highest points are in the northwestern 
part of the County, while the lower elevations are at the extreme 
south, near the mouth of the Monocacy. 

Several principal types of soil occur in Frederick County. In the 
western district, which comprises the Catoctin and South Mountain 
sections, there is a brown, sandy loam, rich in organic matter, and fer- 
tile, but difficult of cultivation because of its stony character and the 
steep slopes where it occurs. Nevertheless, a great bulk of the Coun- 
ty’s forest area is found on this type of soil. In the central part, in 
what is known as the Frederick Valley, are the limestone soils which 
produce the County’s best farm crops. The surface as a whole is 
rolling, well-watered and, except for the very mountainous portions, 
practically all in cultivation. The soils found in the eastern and 
southeastern sections of the County consist mostly of sandy loams, the 
greater part of which also are under cultivation, though not as pro- 
ductive as those of the central part. 


Tue FORESTS. 


The forest map of Frederick County shows that there are two prin- 
cipal divisions or areas of woodland in this County. In the west there 
is a considerable stretch of forested land, to a great extent unbroken, 
which extends from north to south; while in the east many scattered 
woodlots, usually of small size, make up the bulk of the wooded area. 
In the central and south-central parts there is, to a large extent, an 


79 


80 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


absence of forest land. Only 21 per cent of Frederick is wooded, and 
there are but three counties in Maryland possessing a greater relative 
area, in improved agricultural lands. 

The County’s forests are practically all of hardwood growth. The 
only stands of pine of any consequence are one of mixed hardwood 
and pine in the Catoctin Mountains, west of Thurmont, another small 
area southeast of Motters, and one to the east of Buckeystown. The 
mountain forests are made up principally of chestnut and chestnut 
oak, white, black and scarlet oaks, hickory, tulip poplar and gum. The 
forests of the southeastern part of the County contain a much smaller 
percentage of chestnut, and a relatively larger amount of the oaks, 
with the exception of the chestnut oak, which is here less abundant 
than in the mountain section; there is practically no chestnut what- 
ever in the Frederick Valley, or elsewhere, on limestone or limestone 
derivative soils. 

The Catoctin Furnace, one of the oldest in Maryland making 
‘“ehareoal iron,’’ was established in 1774. During the American 
Revolution the Furnace supplied cannon and projectiles to the Con- 
tinental Army, and until the end of the last century still operated 
about 10,000 acres of woodland near its location in the Catoctin Moun- 
tains, helping with other charcoal foundries of that time to give Mary- 
land an important position in the iron industry. 

The making of charcoal iron caused the clear cutting of extensive 
forested areas, with consequent sprout forests of even age which de- 
veloped after the intensive cuttings of 20 to 100 years ago. Some of 
the best forest soils of the State are found in the Catoctins, but where- 
ever forest fires have been frequent, as is apt to be the case in moun- 
tain sections, the forest growth is scrubby and of little value. This 
condition has also been intensified by the system of culling which has 
been practiced here for generations. The most important timber trees 
at present are the oaks, chestnut, tulip poplar, and hickory ; along the 
crests of the mountains, the chestnut and chestnut oak; and farther 
down the slopes, on the deeper and richer soils, the scarlet and black 
oaks, white oak, red oak, hickory, and tulip poplar in varying propor- 
tions. In the deep and fertile valley soils excellent stands of white 
oak, red oak, tulip poplar, and other species occur, the improved con- 
dition of such forests in the non-mountainous areas being due in part 
to better soils, and somewhat to more efficient fire protection. The sur- 
vey of 1911 shows that hardwocds constitute 99 per cent of Frederick’s 
forest area, with the remaining 1 per cent in mixed hardwood and 
pine. There are 3,300 acres of hardwoods with an average stand of 
5,000 or more board feet per acre, with 87,358 acres of hardwoods 
amounting to less than this; 62 acres of pine, all under 5,000 feet per 


FREDERICK COUNTY. 81 


acre; and 397 acres of pine and hardwood stands, all of which are also 
below 5,000 feet. 


USES OF THE FOREST. 


The 51 saw mill and timber operators reported in 1914 a lumber 
eut of 809,965 cubic feet, having a value at points of production of 
$179,004. Of this, $180,894 represented the cut of lumber alone, with 
shingles, cordwood, railroad ties, pulpwood, lath, tanbark, piling, and 
export logs following in the order given. Portable mills are widely 
used in Frederick County, and it would seem that the timbered acreas 
are being thoroughly gone over for merchantable material. 

In addition to these woods activities, there is considerable manu- 
facturing and selling of lumber and various forest products in and 
around Frederick. Two yards and planing mills are located at Fred- 
erick, with only lumber yards at Adamstown, Brunswick, Burkitts- 
ville, Emmitsburg, Thurmont, Walkersville, and Woodsboro. There 
are also in Brunswick two casket manufactories, and in Frederick City 
a tannery, a silo plant, and a fibre-brush factory, these different in- 
dustries, all told, handling annually 14,500,000 board feet of wood, and 
employing an average of 460 men. The 51 sawmill and other opera- 
tors produce but 7,283,000 board feet of lumber, one-half the con- 
sumption of the County, so that opportunities evidently exist for de- 
veloping the local output. Excellent highways traverse Frederick 
County, which, with the 18 miles of trolley lines and the 90 miles of 
railway, combine to make timber accessible in all sections of the 
county. 

Frederick County, as has already been stated, is highly developed 
along agricultural lines. The land is fertile and well-farmed, and 
only in the forest areas is there much need of improved methods of 
management. These, however, have been continuously damaged by 
forest fires for many years. Their protection and improved manage- 
ment would add substantially to the whole County’s productiveness 
and revenues. 


82 


Tue Forests or MAaryLAND. 


FREDERICK COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT, 


Product. Amount, Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 7,183,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $129,294 
Softwood ......... 100,000 Board Feet 16.00 per M 1,600 
Pulpwood! Scyyeis. stan adeaeseiens 600 Cords 6.50 per Cord 3,900 
Railroad Lies) 47.5 3-+ eee 15,000 .55 each 8,250 
Palin os eeeeiiete ye sakes eines 12,000 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 1,200 
Cordwood We rericiie eet ete: 4,600 Cords 3.25 per Cord 14,950 
Mant Bark aivsis cisicuyste tte 160 Tons 8.50 per Ton 1,360 
Shin cles vameetos scricinareuie 3,500,000 4.50 per M 15,750 
JUGTAs detain creo cee aa ees RCI SC 600,000 3.25 per M 1,950 
JOGnos IS Eodoossccnb0000 25,000 30.00 per M 750 
The (County... 5-4. 809,965 Cubic Feet $179,004 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area, Diameter. 
: Hardwood Pine 
Acres. | Acres. jad || eiezamood ay seine Total 4.50 50 Total 
% MBa. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | MBa. Ft. a0 oe a : 
1 32,004 838 3 PYBYE” Il 5.50 c50000 2,534 $11,403 |. 5.2.2... $11,403 
2 14,269 OSs Nessie charac UG eS seestetor ewe 76 BABI. mca eteaiexs 342 
3 19,656 1,493 8 PVG Ws 6 oo.000 0000 2,446 LTO OMAleteeteteyscccrore 11,007 
4 12,663 756 6 1,636 6 1,642 7,362 $27 7,389 
5 30,303 5,066 17 9,215 19 9,234 41,467 86 41,553 
6 16,782 8,494 51 IW CY lhc om orcoue 6 6 12,487 BSI Ge obooaGaC 56,192 
7 31,405 7,743 25 14,262 38 14,300 64,179 171 64,350 
8 14,679 2,174 15 BATA caelesnenncnene 3,474 U5(GB |) coscccooce 15,633 
9 32,130 5,399 17 BIO Io occcscec 8,839 EP (@| os decades 39,775 
10 18,818 10,692 57 UOLOIL Ioococoooos 10,401 AGIOS)! op a0000000 46,805 
11 17,558 1,342 8 BBO lls coc cccade 3,303 TEXTS oo coodaoK 14,863 
12 11,655 1,412 12 2,876 2,876 HDQIG4 Dl Eensavesciaete 12,942 
13 12,348 2,378 19 BLIIZB} || g eo accoc or 3,123 WAR O54 Ie se ranueveeerne 14,054 
14 16,254 2,892 18 APA || coo 008000 4,520 20°34 0) creer 20,340 
15 24,538 12,695 52 9,463 198 9,661 42,583 891 43,474 
16 14,802 3,686 25 BY lleaharee ede.0.6.c 5,779 PAK(NOG|| cooooscans 26,006 
17 17,514 1,405 8 S/068P i eee 3,068 13/906) see oe eee 13,806 
18 16,380 3,106 19 UBB) «lies, Biaaac 660 4,539 PAV VAST Nola. deoO.00 0 20,425 
19 11,403 1,903 ie B25) |] 5 c00000000 3,625 NGBIB |. coocooocs 16,313 
20 19,845 8,366 42 1,2 O404l|\'- ce doceteaee 7,264 BASIS | Gaacaccdae 32,688 
21 12,127 5,181 43 7,810 acon cane 7,810 Sula SH. soma 35,145 
22 11,718 1,783 15 BANIA | oooocc0000 3,062 UAV | ooo sacaaso 13,779 
23 8,316 693 8 GBO> |) 5 oe0og0006 630 PHEBYY|| Boo Godan eC 2,835 
24 5,040 1,002 20 L188 ees eee. 1,188 5346) | sak: seen 5,346 
25 1,108 25 2 GL din coounueeD 69 BIO || soocacno00 310 
26 9,815 574 6 LOO || ooccvc0050 1,001 ALEX) || sano daoonc 4,505 
The County 433,130 OI LT, 21 126,690 261 126,951 $570,105 $1,175 $571,280 


“bp RX 
‘ > Oi 
a felt a a 


Ey aA ah men al 
[Reid J : 
MAP OF & 
= _2 

FREDERICK COUNTY 
SHOWING THK S 

FOREST AREAS 
BY 

COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK  F, W. BESLEY 


TxECUTIVE Orricar STATE FONEOTER 
1915 
SCALE: 

1 Inch equals 8 Miles or —'— of Natural Se: I 


187,500 


FOREST SURVEY, 1911 


y Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Es) Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


Scrub Pine (S) 


| : a | F a 7 ( : VARS s / : 

eters es i ; é \ s : 

oO ——— le i > \ Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 

| Lh (GY S > \ bur kH us < y Hardwood Saplings and Scrub Pine (HsS) 
, 3 =< STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


8,000 — 15,000 

3,500 — 8,000 - 

2,000 — 3,500 
| 1,000 — 2,000 
if 0— 1,000. 
| O— 1,500 
| 500 — 1,500 


O— 1000 


“ncral 


GARRETT COUNTY. 


Garrett, the westernmost County of Maryland, is in shape a 
right-angled triangle, with the angle at the northwest corner, which 
touches Pennsylvania, while the remainder of the County is bordered 
on the west and south by West Virginia and the Potomac River. Four 
prominent mountain ridges occur, all showing a northeasterly and 
southwesterly trend, the most important of the group being Back- 
bone Mountain, the highest point in Maryland, with its continuation 
as Big Savage, the two separated by the gorge of the Savage River. 
This ridge attains an elevation of about 3,400 feet in the southwestern 
end of the County, with an average height maintained of close to 
3,000 feet throughout, where for about half way it separates the drain- 
age of the Potomac and Youghiogheny systems, the latter a tributary 
of the Monongahela. The County possesses no navigable watercourse, 
but an abundance of good-sized streams, hitherto undeveloped, which 
offer good future possibilities as power sites. 

With the exception of the ‘‘glades,’’ which make up a considerable 
portion of poorly drained lands in the valleys, all of this County’s 
soils will support good growths of timber. That along the crests of the 
. mountains is of course somewhat thin and less productive, but on the 
lower slopes and in the valleys there is almost invariably a sandy 
loam of considerable depth, with the best agricultural situations in the 
valleys between Backbone Mountain on one side and Hoop Pole Ridge 
and Meadow Mountain on the other, and farther west, between Wind- 
ing Ridge and Negro Mountain. 


THE FORESTS. 


The woodlands of the County comprise 63 per cent of its total 
area, the highest percentage of woodland of any County in the State. 
Forests cover practically all of the prominent mountain ridges, with 
woodlots of varying sizes well distributed over the farms in the val- 
leys. It is quite certain that the entire County, with the exception of 
the glades, was once well wooded, but the high quality of the land 
early attracted the settler, and the constant influx of immigration 
from that time on soon cleared of forest the most suitable farm lands. 
The forests receded from the valleys, and are now principally re- 


83 


84 THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


stricted to the mountains and more rugged slopes. Today the bulk of 
the woodland is in relatively large holdings usually in the possession 
of coal or lumber companies. 

The County was at one time a magnificent forest of virgin white 
pine and hemlock, oak, maple, chestnut, and other of the hardwoods, 
but subsequent culling of the best, together with great damage from 
forest fires, have largely prevented the cut-over lands from producing 
a high character of forest growth, in many cases none at all. Present 
forests consist principally of young growth with scattered older trees, 
the latter nearly always more or less unmerchantable and not con- 

sidered fit for cutting in previous operations. Outside of the white 

oak type of forest, which occupies the clay soils in the west-central 
part, the forest types are largely determined by conditions of ex- 
posure and drainage. Along the crests of the mountains chestnut, 
birch, chestnut oak, and scarlet oak predominate, while farther down, 
along ravines, sugar maple, beech, white oak, basswood, cucumber, 
and in moist situations hemlock, are frequently found. When the 
Forest Survey was made in 1918, hardwood stands of timber amount- 
ed to 98 per cent of the whole in Garrett County, with 1 per cent of 
the wooded area in pine, and 1 per cent in mixed hardwood and pine. 
On the 274,483 acres of forest land there is a total stand of 447,766,000 
board feet of timber. According to this survey, hardwood stumpage 
of 5,000 or more board feet per acre occupies 4,484 acres, of less than 
5,000, 264,112 acres; pine and hemlock stands, on the same basis, occur 
on 1,464 and 617 acres, respectively ; mixed hardwood, hemlock, and 
pine, 2,529 and 1,277 acres. 


USES OF THE FOREST. 


In the early days when there were no good roads and often none 
at all, immense forests and few people to make use of them, only the 
choicest timber could be or was removed, and that from the most ac- 
cessible places. Later, when there began a greater and more profitable 
demand for timber, and the undeveloped country to be opened up, 
cutting could be carried farther back in the hills, and soon inaugurat- 
ed a more rapid depletion of the forests. Forest fires usually followed 
the lumbering operations in the slashings, and from that time to the 
present have undoubtedly destroyed more timber than has actually 
been cut. The timber business has been the County’s most important 
industry for over 50 years, but reckless methods of operation, coupled 
with the destruction brought about by fires, is placing this industry 
on a most unstable footing. 


i a Se in a ty 


ee 


PLATE XII. FIG. 1—THE TYPICAL MOUNTAIN FOREST. 


Such forests— growing where nothing else will grow — serve the double purpose of 
timber production and watershed protection. 


PLATE XII. FIG. 2—FROM THE FIRE TOWER — MEADOW MOUNTAIN. 


Several ranges of mountains and thousands of acres of woodland appear, and the forests of 
Western Maryland are seen at their best. 


GARRETT COUNTY. 85 


Yet in the face of this the timber cut for the County in 1914, 7,- 
750,245 eubie feet, had a value at points of production of $1,379,937. 
It is the highest in the State. Local forests are being drawn upon for 
a diversity of products—lumber, tanbark, mine props, mine ties, rail- 
road ties, lath, piling, pulpwood, shingles, poles, cordwood and posts, 
to name them in order of value. The cut of lumber represents the pro- 
duction of some 62 mills, most of them the portable kind, while the 
lath is a by-product in some of the mills that are large enough to uti- 
lize their slabs and edgings. The cutting of ties for railroad and mine 
use is largely a field belonging to smaller operators, while the demand 
for mine props in the bituminous regions makes another forest indus- 
try of some value to the individual farmer and small timberman. 

There are 55 miles of railway in this County, with another line, the 
Western Maryland, following the entire southern boundary. This, to- 
gether with a considerable mileage of recently improved highways, is 
proving of much value to owners of woodland in opening up forested 
districts which it was hitherto unprofitable to log. Garrett does not 
manufacture any great amounts of wood, the manufacturers being 
represented by planing mills and yards at Crellin, Friendsville, and 
Mt. Lake Park. 

The present lack of good forest management means a real loss to 
the County of an annual revenue amounting at the least to $650,000. 
Well regulated forest management, moreover, cannot successfully be 
introduced until reasonable fire protection is assured, since there is 
small inducement to make an investment for the improvement of the 
forest where there is more than an even chance that a fire may at any 
time destroy the forest, together with any improvements which care 
and good management have brought about. There is much, however, 
which may be done by the individual woodland owner until such time 
as more concerted action, publicly, shall have placed the forests of 
this County on firm financial basis. 

A force of State Forest Wardens and Federal Patrolmen is en- 
deavoring to extend efficient service to the County in this respect, but 
the complete co-operation of every county resident is requisite toward 
making this in every way successful; favorable conditions are extant 
for a good natural growth of timber, with but little necessity for 
planting or otherwise artificially supplementing natural reproduction. 
The principal consideration is to so guide the development of the 
young growth that the resulting older forests may be quickly matured, 
and of a quantity and quality consistent with successful forestry. 


86 


THe Forests of MARYLAND. 


GARRETT COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ....:.... 48,279,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M Na $869,022 
Softwood enemas. 11,744,000 Board Feet 14.00 per M 164,416 
Je WOOO Soo ooocc0esdo00000 1,250 Cords 6.50 per Cord 8,125 
Railroad Ties: 
iWihite Oak -.cianrerrtaerciee 21,834 .70 each 15,284 
Mixed si Oak o7eetritecter er 12,600 45 each 5,670 
Chestnutity heer eee 14,000 -20 each 2,800 
JEWS Genacapop cob oS oOKHuC 54,000 Lineal Feet .20 per Foot 10,800 
Cordwood a0 s..iccrimmaveeeer 750 Cords 3.00 per Cord 2,250 
ManetProps) tice cere 17,280 Tons . 2.50 per Ton 43,200 
Ranges ark: Oaksonereernees 7,125 Tons 7.00 per Ton 49,875 
Hemlock ....... 21,375 Tons 7.00 per Ton 149,625 
IRGES sovooodccdsussdddo040s 850 4.00 each 3,400 
SHING ES Neti tae epsecicieiete se 785,000 4.50 per M 3,532 
IUZHED Noes sonaeasseeEO ws abs 7,650,000 2.75 per I | 21,038 
Mine Dies). arnaenee naa aes 200,000 15 each | 30,000 
ROSES | ci ees crab onersctratercte cl aeveusiae 4,500 .20 each 900 
The County........... 7,750,245 Cubic Feet | $1,379,937 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
| | | Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded Per Cent | (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. | More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No Area. Diameter. 
| ae A —_ 
: Hardwood Pine 
Alcres:y | Acres. oil oOi) (ll a asiios EMRE ns UEC cae nS 200 $5.00 Total 
te eae pastas sips per M. per M $ 
1 44,339 yal |) 7) 31,486 312 31,798 $125,944 $1,560 $127,504 
2 | 37,682 19,640 | 52 2OuTOA Tal aw cba sey 25,794 TORING || oosoacoooe 103,176 
3 54,780 33,663 61 84,352 7,148 91,500 337,408 35,740 373,148 
4 27,027 17,739 65 BOSLY econo aos 30,847 IPR EES || Soaccaosns 123,388 
5 29,941 12.953 | 43 IG EBIS || 5600000006 15,835 633340) eee eee 63,340 
6 37,009 Bal | 7 36)02i10m Peper 36,021 | EE Hee Goldoenon 144,084 
7 15,762 5528 || 85 SYII || o oo 000000 8,882 352028) leet 35,528 
8 44,432 23,539 53 36,884 36,884 IESE Oo nc oga0ccd 147,536 
9 20,021 16,921 85 PEW || 5 oogadco0€ 22,323 SOV oaloocac0s 89,292 
10 26,890 16,191 60 USUI) nao odoo Sac 15,219 GEIB] socdccoscsc 60,876 
ial 21,301 13,650 64 49,606 7,944 57,550 198 424 39,720 238,144 
12 26,902 18.172 68 34,451 247 34,698 137,804 1,235 139,039 
13 11,614 8,731 75 WAP) | oocandccos 12,299 AQNIO Gi ereters etoteters 49,196 
14 38,921 28,852 | 74 ABING | ococcsoccc 28,116 VAD AGE e crzic scr etee 112,464 
The County | 436,621 | 274,483 63 432,115 15,651 447,766 | $1,728,460 $78,255) $1,806,715 


(3 


See ams Ace peste | 


ONT Be 
Wea) 


as 
\ af d 


w Mills — 


) 


K = 


Ape 


iC < 
<) Bee aS 
—lj—_ Ff a 
" (e} = 
\ D Ss i 
ie —~ » 
AP fashaet ML i miss NEE SY ‘| 
ie ie rein pr 
Vesteynport : d 
¥ (foistel 
i: 


\ 
1 
Yarnick. S/T Riis Brtdae 
Windom Ne | 
Z SKN 
>. Ce 
Barnum: Keyser SD, 


TYPES 
Morchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


ch Pine (P) 
mlock tH) 


| 
\ | MAP OF 
j, GARRETT COUNTY 
i <i S< SHOWING THE Merchantable Hardwoods and, Hemiocs (MH) 
f FOREST AREAS Tene tard weagerand|Hemioeta(CH)) 
FR BY 
| COMMERCIAL TYPES STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
tee Bi rtce eaiey IN BOARD FEET 
a= SS IM eee - + 12,000 — 20,000 
~ MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY M? - = 6,000 — 12,000 
! { WM, BULLOCK CLARK F, W. BESLEY M? 2,000 — 6,000 
it . EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER (oO 1,000 — 2,000 
K 1915 ce 500 — 1,000 
¥. Ge - - (> 500 
af Scare! H = = 20,000 — 30,000 
z 1 Inch equals 8 Miles or 187,600 of Natural Scale H? ~ 12,000 — 20,000 
i A p> 500 — 1,000 
les FOREST SURVEY, 1909 MoH? 12,000 — 20,000 
CH 4,000 — 7,000 
GP! 1,000 — 3,000 
CP: 500 — 2,000 
G3P! 500 — 1,500 


ie AI 
Sef Beachwood. 


“a =a 


¥ 


ae 


HARFORD COUNTY. 


Harford County lies in the northeastern section of the State, ex- 
tending to Pennsylvania on the north, the Susquehanna River on the 
east, Chesapeake Bay on the south, and the Gunpowder on the west. 
The northern four-fifths of the County is in the Piedmont Plateau, 
and ranges in elevation from 200 to 700 feet above sea level, with gent- 
ly rolling to hilly land, and generally rapid streams. The southern 
fifth lies in the Coastal Plain and varies from 10 to 90 feet in altitude; 
it is generally flat, and supplied with broad tidal streams and slug- 
gish creeks. 

The soils of the Piedmont division vary considerably, there being 
three general types—the clays, extending irregularly through the cen- 
tral and northeastern parts of the County, and forming a soil which 
is good, but often difficult of tillage because of large, scattered bould- 
ers; the loams, which constitute by far the larger area of any of the 
soil types in the northern section, and also in the southern or Coastal 
Plain division, in both regions constituting the most productive soils; 
and in the third division, which is just north of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, largely gravelly soils merging into clays. The latter type is 
covered almost entirely by forest, and is considered of the least value 
for agricultural purposes. There is much of the County’s soil that is 
unsuited to agriculture, indicating that a large portion of the County 
should always remain in forest growth. 


Tue Forests. 


Two hundred years ago the County was heavily forested with tree 
species of much present-day commercial value, although at that time 
they possessed little or none because of their abundance. At the pres- 
ent the forest areas are limited largely to the hilly or stony areas that 
are relatively unsuited to tillage, 29 per cent of the County being now 
in forest growth. The woodland is quite well distributed over the en- 
tire area, and there are few very extensive stands, the only noteworthy 
ones being in the vicinity of Rocks and Dublin, with a strip extending 
through the County along and north of the Baltimore & Ohio, and 
others through the two peninsulas of the Coastal Plain division. 


87 


88 THe Forests or MARYLAND. 


Much of the woodland is in farm woodlots of 10 to 100 acres each, 
representing the non-arable land that is too steep and rocky for agri- 
cultural use. Clearing is in progress in many sections and will likely 
continue throughout the County, and very little land that has been 
once cleared and cultivated is allowed to revert to forest. Existent 
forests are almost entirely of the mixed hardwood type, and on the 
strong soils their growth is relatively rapid. There is noticeable con- 
siderable variation in the mixed hardwoods, due largely to topography 
and, to some extent, the character of the soil. The most apparent dif- 
ference in this respect is the fact that chestnut, the most important 
species in the upper end of the County, rarely occurs in the southern 
section. The principal associates occurring with chestnut in the north- 
eastern part are chestnut oak, Spanish and black oaks, hickory and 
black gum, and all occur on ridges or soils where drainage is good. 
Along the watercourses and lower slopes adjacent to streams, where 
the soils are deep and fertile, the more common species are tulip pop- 
lar, red oak and white oak. In the tidal or southern part of the 
County, where the land is more or less swampy, red gum, black gum, 
pin oak and red maple are the principal timber trees. In the vicinity 
of Rocks there is a considerable amount of chestnut and chestnut oak 
coppice, the result of cutting for charcoal to supply the iron furnace 
operated here many years ago. Of the two gums occurring, the black 
eum is the more common, being scattered pretty generally through the 
forests of the entire County, while:the red gum is found only in the 
Coastal Plain division, often, in wet, swampy lands, forming a practi- 
cally pure stand. 

Of the County’s entire wooded area, it was shown by the survey of 
1909 that 99 per cent is in mixed hardwood growth and only 1 per 
cent in pine. There are 6,303 acres of the former which have stands 
amounting to 5,000 or more board feet to the acre, 75,234 acres hav- 
ing stands of less than this; of the pine, there are only 335 acres of 
less than 5,000 feet. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


The combined cut of the 27 sawmill and timber operators of Har- 
ford County, in 1914, was 774,555 cubie feet of wood, with a value of 
$118,342. Lumber of course makes up the great bulk of this, both as 
to amount and value, being followed by poles, railroad ties, cordwood, 
piling, pulpwood, posts, shingles and lath. Harford has been one of 
the Counties seriously affected by the chestnut blight, and it is partly 
due to this that the County’s present cut of chestnut for poles has 


Harrorp County. 89 


reached so large a figure. Chestnut is the most suitable of local woods 
for this use, and a ready market for such stock has materially assisted 
in disposing of timber attacked by the blight. But on account of the 
prevalence of this disease, the best prices have not always obtained on 
the material sold. A good market for ties has also been created by the 
62 miles of railway which traverse the County. 

Manufacturers and dealers in wood are not particularly numerous 
or important here, although there are yards at Bel Air, Cardiff, Falls- 
ton, Havre de Grace, Lapidum and Perryman, which represent this 
branch of the lumber business in Harford County. The County as a 
whole possesses good markets and excellent means of transportation, 
both by water and rail, so that the forest industry contributes sub- 
stantially to its general wealth and agricultural prosperity. 


90 


THE Forests oF MaryLAND. 


HARFORD COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. 


Lumber: 
Pulpwood 


Railroad Ties: 


Mixed Oak 
Chestnut 
Piling: Oak 

Pine 


Poles 


Lath 


ec oer eer eee oes ose 


ec e eee ere eee ee ee ee 


cece e ee oer eee sso ores 


Total Value. 


Amount. Unit Value. 
4,274,000 Board Feet $17.00 per M 
667 Cords 7.00 per Cord 
16,475 .65 each 
9,675 .25° each 
36,750 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 
20,250 Lineal Feet -10 per Feet 
2,050 Cords 3.25 per Cord 
4,590 3.00 each 
150,000 4,25 per M 
125,000 3.25 per M 
5,925 .12 each 
774,555 Cubie Feet 


$72,658 
4,669 


10,709 
2,419 
3,675 
2,025 
6,663 

13,770 

637 
406 
711 


$118,342 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


Dist. No. 


Hh oO RO 


ri 


The County 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Acres. 


42,265 
65,730 
58,394 
64,522 
52,098 


283,009 


[1 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 
Hardwood Pine Total ae d ae Total 
% M Bad. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $. 
47 37,720 96 37,816 $188,600 $480 $189,080 
25 SN). Io aoocdodoc 38,790 193950! seeceraes 193,950 
25 25,322 8 25,330 126,610 40 126,650 
25 25,460 44 25,504 127,300 220 127,520 
28 NOONE} 5600 00.900 19,912 MOIIRO), coooonsocs 99,560 
29 147,204 148 147,352 $736,020 $740 $736,760 


HARFORD COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 


FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 


1915 


SCALE: 
1 


sy pa? 
187,500 of Natuya! Seale 


1 Inch equais 3 Miles or 


FOREST SURVEY, 1909 


IMPRESS 


~~} Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
_ |Culled Hardwoods (C) 
—t Hardwood Sapiings (Hs) 


| Scrub Pine (S) 
} Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


M* = 2 2 = G{ofofo)—= allo}(ofofo) 
Ms = 5 2 5 BX) 9 GOO) 
Ce ea = = = IBC == BE{oyo) 
C* AS soe ua 590 — 1,500 
(Ge ee CPS a on as QO = 500 
S? > 5 = = ffofale) == 3},(ofV0) 


S* Rene arab o— 1000 


! 


ye K “\4 
enweierl eas i = hee 


MAP OF 
HARFORD COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK _ F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER OTATE FORESTER 


1915 


SCALE: 
1 


1 Inch equals 3 Miles or 3g of Nuturat Seale 


FOREST SURVEY. 1909 
TYPES 
i Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
| Jetted Harduoode (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 
Serub Pine (5) 
|Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


MP = + = =~ 6,000 — 10,000 
A> 2,500 — 6,000 
Caar - = 1,500— 2,500 
(le ee ae Ute) 
C Bee o— 500 
Siu cee 1,000 —- 3,000 
5? E O— 1,000 


XKogsvine/ YA 


is 


\ 


Bengies 


ol 


Usha 


junpow e 


it PE _SR, Pr 
; Ricks ‘obins / es 
SPRY Sy He ( Handys Pty 
/ JPOOLES | jj ‘ i a 


fi 


ek ae 


ae 6 ossanane 


oe : 
a om 


ineint to — 
ye ae 


Sy aly i, ‘ , 

| (N, zbenwtneht sidafeudayett 

Cy stooewalt alia 
- 4) -wgalige? bow 


HOWARD COUNTY. 


Howard, one of the smallest counties of the State, lies in the cen- 
tral portion, between the Patapsco and Patuxent Rivers. It is in the 
Piedmont Plateau, though adjacent to the Coastal Plain. The surface 
is rolling to hilly, and well-watered, with soil of exceptional quality. 
Seventy-one per cent of the total surface is improved farm land under 
tillage, in this respect ranking third in Maryland. Local soils are gen- 
erally of the loam type, which is well adapted for general farming 
where surface conditions permit. There is, however, a fair amount of 
absolute forest land, which, due to quality of soil and efficient fire pro- 
tection, is at present quite productive. 


Tue ForESTs. 


Of the county’s entire area, 25 per cent is classed as wooded, there 
being a very even distribution of forest lands throughout the county. 
They are frequently in small areas owned by farmers, and in general 
well cared for by them. Oak predominates, and there are numerous 
heavy stands of timber in the central and northern parts; in the south. 
ern section, where transportation facilities have been better, the 
forests are more severely culled, and the resulting stands of timber not 
so heavy. The forests are nearly all of the mixed hardwood type, 
with the pine stands confined almost exclusively to the southeastern 
part, where the Coastal Plain and Piedmont formations overlap. The 
pine found here is the scrub pine, a tree of low timber value. Mixed 
oaks are most important, and next to them are tulip poplar, hickory 
and chestnut, although as compared to some of the adjacent counties 
there is very little of the latter here. 

The forests of Howard County are 96 per cent hardwood, accord- 
ing to the survey made in 1910, with only 4 per cent of pure pine 
stands. Of this, 9,399 acres contain stands of 5,000 board feet up- 
ward, and 27,709 acres of timber amounting to less than this. The 
stands of pine, 1,536 acres in extent, are all of less than 5,000 board 
feet per acre. 

USES OF THE FORESTS. 


Looked at comparatively, the forest industries of this county are 
by no means unimportant for its size. The cut in 1914 of the 12 saw- 


91 


92 THE Forests of MARYLAND. 


mills, and other operators, aggregated 599,455 cubic feet, with a value 
of $64,696. Lumber ranked first, followed by cordwood, shingles, rail- 
road ties, pulpwood, poles, and piling. The amount of cordwood cut 
and sold is no doubt in part accounted for by the proximity of the Bal- 
timore City market, while the sale of pulpwood is something new as a 
local forest industry. The markets available for the other products 
are most excellent, and would probably be able to absorb any increas- 
ed production which better forest management might bring about in 
this locality. 

There are lumber yards at Elkridge and Ellicott City, but no other 
wood-using industries worthy of mention in the county. With im- 
proved systems of State and County highways, and the 44 miles of 
railway lines also passing through this county, it is possible to market 
the raw material advantageously at other points, so that the manufac- 
turing branch of this business has received but little attention here. 
With the markets of Baltimore and Washington so easily accessible, 
there is every inducement for the practice of better forest management 
in Howard County. 


Howarp County. 93 
Howarp COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 
Product. Amount, Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 1,884,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $33,912 
Softwood .......... 93,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 1,395 
Pulp woo dermicprrerxcieiere ce cn-e 500 Cords | 6.50 per Cord 3,250 
igenboevel UME ooacccvapccc0e 8,500 .50 each 4,250 
lpi” Aecesaooccusocoocoon 20,000 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 2,000 
CORW@OC! coocanscospecco0ed 3,700 Cords | 3.50 per Cord 12,950 
TP OLES ae eatapa ore teersine Sedlece oreusis cere 800 3.00 each 2,400 
Shin'glestecrerirrrmekiec aes 1,068,000 4.25 per M 4,539 
HNN@, CoypiAys oocannou0000 599,455 Cubie Feet $64,696 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
' Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area, Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
amas Pent eee asin) a 
2 ardwoo in 
Mewes Nees % Hardwood Pine Total $4.00 $5.00 Total 
M Bad. Ft. M Ba. Ft. M Bad. Ft. per M. per M, $ 
al 12,561 3,396 27 8,024 14 8,038 $40,120 ey $70 $40,190 
2 19,621 5,323 27 24,417 30 24,447 122,085 150 122,235 
3 27,741 7,697 28 22,917 20 22,937 114,585 100 114,685 
4 39,699 8,070 20 12,280 10 12,290 61,400 50 61,450 
5 36,349 8,580 24 22,793 14 22,807 113,965 70 114,035 
6 23,471 5,588 24 8,787 22 8,809 43,935 110 44,045 
The County | 159,442 38,644 25 99,218 110 99,328 $496,090 $550 $496,640 


{Morgan } 


Hoods 


2 ‘ 2 “+f AW, 
) L / 

/ Treat | 

. ic C 


MAP OF 
HOWARD COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULiOCK CLARK Ea Wr BESEEY, 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 


1915 
SCALE: 


ae 1 a 
1 Inch equals 3 Miles or 187,500 of Natural Scale 


FOREST SURVEY, 1910 


TYPES 


7] Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
|Culled Hardwoods (C) 


_____} Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER 
ACRE IN BOARD FEET 

Mo = = 2 4000! 18/000 

Ci =" = = = 20004 000 

Cae ee ae 00-82 000 
ss @ = ~ 5010) 

1,500 — 5,000 


96 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


chestnut, and locust. Of the three types of forest in the county, the 
mixed hardwood covers 97 per cent of the entire area; mixed hard- 
wood and pine, 2 per cent, and pine, 1 per cent, being found in only 
three and two districts, respectively. There are 33,776 acres of forest 
in Kent County, and the stand of timber is 50,019,000 board feet. Of 
this, the survey of 1907 showed that there were 6,787 acres of hard- 
wood amounting to 5,000 feet or over to the acre, and 26,063 acres of 
less than this; 483 acres of mixed hardwood and pine of less than 
5,000 feet; and 443 acres of pure pine, also under 5,000 feet per 
acre. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


Saw timber in this county has become so scarce that practically all 
species of any commercial importance are now cut and marketed for 
lumber, the 1914 cut of 10 local mills amounting to 1,326,000 board 
feet of pine and hardwood. Other than this the cut consisted of rail- 
road ties, fence posts, piling, cordwood, pulpwood, poles, mine props, 
and shingles, these products being given here in order of their rela- 
tive value. The total cut was 382,870 cubic feet, worth $53,047, and 
represents the output of the millmen, and many smaller operators or 
individual farmers. The sawmills are nearly all of the small portable 
kind, which move from place to place wherever stumpage is obtain- 
able; most of the timber cut is used at home, and much is imported for 
construction purposes in addition to that which is locally supplied. 
The 30 miles of railroad lines constitute a readily available market 
for cross-ties, the high prices paid furnishing a strong incentive to cut 
young timber which has not fully matured, either financially or other- 
wise; the demand for telegraph and telephone poles has caused most 
of the chestnut suitable for that purpose to be removed; posts to the 
number of 36,000 were used for renewing old fence lines and building 
new ones in the county; while the quantity of wood used for fuel is 
always an item of some importance here. Other forest products got- 
ten out in lesser amounts were piling, mine props, shingles and pulp- 
wood. At Chestertown and Rock Hall alone there are wood-using 
establishments which annually convert over 1,500,000 feet of rough 
material to manufactured products which inelude baskets, barrels, 
erates, flooring, ceiling, interior finish, window and door frames, but 
in this county, as elsewhere, the producing end of the timber business 
if of greater importance than the industries which manufacture wood 
or timber. 

This being so, it lends emphasis to the fact that in view of present 
forest conditions a greatly increased timber output would be possible 


SECS Far ns tome 


a x 


PIG. 1—THE PLANTED FOREST. 


PLATE XIII. 
Twenty years old, the present stand of black walnut has reached an average diameter at breast 
The success of such 


height (‘‘D. B. H.’’) of 8 inches, a height of 45 feet. 
inyestments is today practically assured. 


PLATE XII 
Mature trees healthy and well-formed; abundant reproduction; and a stand 
are all indicative of the well-tended, protected woodlot, 


of the right species, 


7 > 
ies: 

somelay 

——— : 


Kent County. 97 


under improved management. The fullest degree of production is 
only possible where existing woodlands are adequately stocked with 
growing trees, and the maximum yield, quantity and quality may only 
be obtained by encouragement of the species best adapted to each loca- 
tion, as well as those for which there exists the chief demand. This 
means elimination of the undesirable species, the weed-trees, and full 
protection against fires and other destructive agencies. 


98 


Tue Forests oF MARYLAND. 


Kent CouNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 1,210,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $21,780 
Softwood .......... 116,000 Board Feet -15.00 per M 1,740 
Pulp WOO) 1s cies stricta 565 Cords 6.00 per Cord 3,390 
Railroaduebies serene 13,500 .60 each 8,100 
ai oe eis veravtuersie eens susheceesiereters 46,800 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 4,680 
Word wooderracterstociererieree 1,080 Cords 3.50 per Cord 3,780 
MineywPropsiracscimciricieeace 250 Tons 2.25 per Ton 563 
POLES Soa serecisineteraia eaatonisiensraens 1,080 3.00 each 3,240 
Shintolesmecivte ctr ee 90,000 4,15 per M 374 
IPOSUS» pestis hisitiauscors aces ecaretniets 36,000 .15 each 5,400 
hey County aeereceeeree 382,870 Cubic Feet $53,047 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
| 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area Diameter. 
: i : Hardwood Pine 
Hardwood Pine Total 
Acres Acres. %o $5.00 $5.00 Tota 
M Bd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M $ 
Al 43,405 10,404 24 14,119 60 14,179 $70,595 $300 $70,895 
2 42,374 4,799 11 9,722 9 9,731 48,610 45 48,655 
3 26,419 4,488 17 BBY) | cooeqsco0d 5,539 PAIR) ||'sco6000000 27,695 
4 5,376 609 11 aa LAA Aenea 1,311 @H5t55} Ios ca wo oon S 6,555 
5 19,059 4,029 21 3,888 90 3,978 19,440 450 19,890 
6 23,642 4,834 20 S582. Gin ancencuene 8,826 ZUR IBYD || oocaaac00% 44,130 
7 19,597 4,613 24 OMS | 5. 6 d000000c 6,455 BYARD || ooocdcc0a0 32,275 
The County | 179,872 33,776 19 49,860 159 50,019 $249 300 $795 $250,095 


 _SReBAAGE: 


LH) 
ae) 
/ JPOOLES 


/ 
i 


| \ISLAND 


Robins Pt 


LH) 


poo.es 
Wert sia 


ri Halt \\ 


a 
ent 
iN \. Cal 
Ph at 


AS 


MAP OF 


i} 
i 
KENT COUNTY \ 
SHOWING ‘THE 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 1 
PREPARED BY i] 
F. W. BESLEY | 
i} 
| 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 


1915 


SCALE: 

i 1 S, 5 
1 Inch equals @ Miles or iaraqp of Natural Seale | 
1 


FOREST SURVEY, 1907 


TYPES 


Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
| Culled Hardwoods (C) 


——] Hardwood Soplings (Hs) 


Scrub Pine (S) 
J Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


a Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


M - = = = 3,000 — 10,000 
c Ss eh O— 3,000 
Ss al me 0 — 2,000 
cs ST i Sor 0 — 3,000 


or 


mt) 
u¥ u 


MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 


Montgomery is the southernmost of the Piedmont counties, lying 
immediately north of the District of Columbia. It is bordered on the 
south by the Potomac River. The northern and western parts of the 
county consist of rolling land with a few prominent hills, while the 
southeastern section, bordering on the Coastal Plain, is very nearly 
flat. The lowest elevation is adjacent to the Potomac River in the ex- 
treme southern section, and only about 50 feet above sea level, while 
the highest is in the most northern part where an altitude of 800 feet 
is reached. The principal elevation, however, extends through the cen- 
tral part of the county, from north to south, with a gradual rise to 
form an elevation which farther north is known as Parr’s Ridge. The 
soils are mainly of sands and clay loam typical of the Piedmont 
Plateau, becoming almost pure sand in the southeastern section near 
the Prince George’s County line. The forest areas are rather evenly 
distributed, and there is comparatively little land in the county that 
is not suitable for tillage, such areas consisting usually of rocky knolls 
and steeper hillsides, found somewhat scattered all through the county. 


THE Forests. 


Just 22 per cent of Montgomery County is wooded, and the only 
large areas of woodland found are those near Rockville and to the 
south, with a few fair-sized tracts of forest around Buck Lodge. 
Nearly all the forests are of the characteristic mixed hardwood type 
prevalent all along the Piedmont Plateau. The only areas where pine 
is abundant are east of Rockville and in the vicinity of Clarksburg. 
The principal timber species are chestnut, white oak, some of the 
mixed oaks, tulip poplar and hickory. Chestnut, in mixture with the 
oaks, is found generally distributed over the county, often occurring 
in pure stands on the ridges and upper slopes in the northern and 
northwestern sections of the county. Such stands are usually of cop- 
pice growth, and consist principally of small trees which have been 
less damaged by the blight than in any other part of the Piedmont 
section. White oak is most abundant in the southern and eastern sec- 
tions of the county, where it occurs in mixture with black, pin and 
Spanish oaks, tulip poplar, hickory and chestnut. 


99 


100 Tue Forests oF MARYLAND. 


Mixed oaks—which include the Spanish, scarlet, pin and red oaks 
—are generally distributed over the county, but are most abundant in 
the southern and southeastern sections. Scarlet, post and black oaks 
occur on the ridges in the poorer and dryer soils, while the pin, red 
and Spanish oaks are more commonly found on the lower slopes and 
along the streams, where conditions of soil and moisture are usually 
more favorable. Tulip poplar occurs in all parts of Montgomery 
County, but is not present in sufficient quantity to constitute a very 
important factor. It grows on the deep, moist soils adjacent to ravines 
and streams, almost invariably in mixture with other species and 
forming but a small percentage of the whole. Individual trees grow- 
ing in favorable locations attain large dimensons, but the high value of 
this species has encouraged its cutting to such an extent that practi- 
cally none of the original growth is left. 

The forests of Montgomery County are 94 per cent hardwood, 4 
per cent pine, and 2 per cent mixed hardwood and pine, according to 
the Forest Survey made of this county in 1910. There are 4,823 acres 
of the first-named where the stand equals or exceeds 5,000 board feet 
per acre, and 59,416 acres of hardwoods amounting to less than this; 
272 acres of pine amounting to more than 5,000 feet, and 2,806 acres 
of less; and 1,504 acres of mixed stands, all below 5,000 feet per acre. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


There are 28 large producers of lumber and timber in this county 
who in 1914 were estimated to have cut and marketed 1,215,545 eubie 
feet of wood, with a value at the shipping point of $175,422. This is a 
considerable cut for a county with so small a percentage of forest land, 
and necessarily exceeds substantially the annual growth. However, it 
is made possible by the relatively large size of this county’s total land 
area, the seventh in the State in this respect, and it is probable that 
the present cut may be maintained for several years. In order of 
amount and value lumber comes first, followed by cordwood, poles, 
piling, railroad ties, pulpwood, lath, shingles, and tanbark. It will be 
noted that the cut of cordwood is unusually heavy, and it is probably 
accounted for in part by the nearby market of Washington, as well as 
that of Rockville, in the county. As _to transportation, 15 miles 
of trolley lines and 32 of railway furnish ample facilities for market- 
ing the county’s forest products. But little manufacturing of wood 
is conducted, though there are two planing mills and yards at 
Gaithersburg, with a chair and box manufactory at Washington 
Grove. 


MontGomMERY COUNTY. 101 


There is a constant decrease in the wooded area of this county, due 
to the clearing of land, and while this at present is very gradual, it 
seems likely to continue. There are, on the other hand, a few areas in 
the southeastern part of the county which, once cleared and cultivat- 
ed, are now growing up in pine. The small woodlots here are as a 
rule better cared for than the larger tracts, for the farmer removes 
only from time to time such material as firewood and a small amount 
for building purposes, while in tracts of larger size the timber is 
usually sold outright to sawmill operators, who cut practically every- 
thing of value, and leave the remaining woodland in a depleted con- 
dition. This practice of culling has been continued for several years, 
and the quality of existing forests has in consequence manifested 
steady deterioration. 


102 THE Forests or MaryAnn. 
MonrTGOMERY COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 
Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 4,335,000 Board Feet $17.00 per M $73,695 
Softwood .....-... | 3,230,000 Board Feet 14.00 per M 45,220 
FEM INVOOG!o colo cls.casos ocda bop | 680 Cords 6.00 per Cord 4,080 
ineob brag UMS ootocaocoedece 11,490 5d each 6,320 
WANG 2 cies ge cant hice sore 119,000 Lineal Feet -10 per Foot 11,900 
Cordwood:iOakw ee asserts: 2,450 Cords 4.50 per Cord 11,025 
PATO hw ss: sateen ears eecet 1,175 Cords 3.50 per Cord 4,112 
PaneB ark “ajar jesus ast roticeee 150 Tons 8.50 per Ton 1,275 
ROVES) ese, 2. seepesdenetens cape eee 4,340 3.00 each 13,020 
Shinples'\: Sacaceesectiem wee ee 3,750,000 4.50 per M 1,688 
IU EY Ai iewents coin Chektcen aida neo 950,000 3.25 per M 3,087 
Thee Count ee ‘1,315,545 Cubic Feet : erie ae. $175,422 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


; | Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet : 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land | Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in | 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 1 
Acres. | Acres. %o Hardwood Eane Total | Pas aoG6 Total 
MBd. Ft. | MBd. Pt. | MBd. Ft. | per M. per M. $ 
1 26,730 | 5,531 20) 13,369 271 13,640 $66,845 $1,355 $68,200 
2 22,805 6,394 28 11,217 513 11,730 56,085 2,565 58,650 
3 38,821 4,846 12 8,728 31 8,759 43,640 155 43,795 
4 22,808 5,165 23 7,424 | 243 7,667 37,120 1,215 38,335 
5 19,675 5,493 28 7,967 | 136 8,103 39,835 680 40,515 
6, 26,449 6,370 24 11,984 1,225 13,209 59,920 | 6,125 66,045 
7 6,757 4,143 61 7,907 Wt | 8,018 39,535 555 40,090 
8 29,675 4,497 15 14,108 31 | 14,139 70,540 155 | 70,695 
9 19,950 3,658 18 - 6,846 241 | 7,087 34,230 1,205 35,435 
10 19,256 6,770 35 13,495 947 14,442 67,475 4,735 72,210 
1 23,420 4,53: 19 BiOG0s ertatge ee | 8,060 ADVAN iseacesssoc 40,300 
12 21,785 4,876 23 | _ 5,360 61 | 5,421 26,800, 305 27,105 
13 23,750 6,618 280 elas SPOS MN maliZe5 TS 69,375| * 18,515 87,890 
The County | 302,881 68,821 | 22 | 130,340 7,513 137,853 $651,700 $37,565 $689,265 
| 
| | 


: 4 : 1 eR kt Lae 
, ‘ ; f . : Te a aft acs A ic , , “iy mr ee we if 4 
Pa Pe MoOoDiOM PSC. wopdkslent 

: ; .. f 6 by onl : ; PO cae eae 


AOS GMAIYAAM 


Bret | 
@aace om ie ms 
Melvyn ail c by 


/ i 
Ein bot Rocks, 


5 


=| 


L 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 


Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


Serub Pine (S) 
| Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


/ 
Mixed Hardvoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 


IN BOARD FEET 


Me - 7,000 — 18,000 
Mw - 4,000 — 7,000 
c - 2,000 — 4,000 
c? 500 — 2,000 
( o— 500 
3 2,000 — 10,000 | 
st 0— 2,000 | 
c2s3 3,000 — 5,000 | 
cst 500 — 1,500 | 
Cs o= 500 | 


Ngati 


4 
Vereen s 


» A es ° 
. os bon 
Be rile Sie 

>< 


} : rf y 
valley 
ene 


NL ZS 
eS 


MAP OF 7] 
“ MONTGOMERY COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 


FOREST AREAS 
BY 


COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORFOTER 


1915 
SCALE: 


“| 1 
1 Tuch equals 3 Miles or a5 of Natural Seale 


FOREST SURVEY, 1910 


Helis, 
owbtat 
econ 


i 


youate., 


DOG Tike 


PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY. 


Prince George’s County lies in two physiographic divisions, which 
give it a somewhat varied topography. The highest elevations, about 
400 feet above sea level, occur in the northern part, extending south- 
ward at a decreasing height through the central portion of the county 
to form the divide between the-Patuxent on the east and the Potomac 
to the west, where tidewater is reached. Fully five-sixths of the coun- 
ty lies within the so-called Coastal Plain, but as its surface is made up 
almost entirely of a succession of low hills and narrow valleys, there is 
little resemblance here to the Coastal Plain section east of the Chesa- 
peake. Along the lower Patuxent River, and a few of the tidal creeks 
tributary to the Potomac, are to be found narrow strips of fresh water 
marshes. Drainage, on the whole, is excellent, and conditions general- 
ly conducive to a forest growth of both good volume and high quality. 
The soils vary from light sand to stiff clay, but for the most part they 
are sandy loams almost equally adapted to forest or farm, except on 
the steeper slopes, where a forest cover is necessary for keeping the 
loose soils intact. 


THE ForESTS. 


The county’s present wooded area amounts to 41 per cent, al- 
though its earliest history shows an area well covered with forest. The 
section along the Patuxent River was known at the time of its settle- 
ment as ‘‘ The Forests of Prince George,’’ but since it was the first to 
be settled it has now the smallest percentage of forest land of any part 
of the county. Throughout the county the hardwoods were early ex- 
ploited, being in good demand for saw timber, later for railroad ties, 
piling, and poles, so that they have now been repeatedly culled, leav- 
ing in the original forests open places which have been reseeded by 
the scrub pine. The first forests were almost universally of the mixed 
hardwood type, but the process of natural agricultural development 
has brought about two other types, the pure pine and the hardwood- 
pine. The pine common to the county will not grow to any appreci- 
able extent under the shade of hardwoods, but it almost invariably 
comes in after cultivation has been abandoned on lands that were once 
farmed. 


103 


104 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


Mixed hardwoods comprise 72 per cent of the total area of wood- 
land; the pure pine type 18 per cent; and the hardwood-pine 10 per 
eent. On the higher, dryer hills and ridges are commonly found chest- 
nut, scarlet and post oaks; on the lower slopes, hickory, tulip poplar, 
white, black and Spanish oaks. On the low lands along the water- 
courses, and the undrained flats which occupy a small percentage of 
the wooded area, are red maple, willow, black gum, river birch, willow 
and pin oaks. In the pine stands which occur in the northern, south- 
eastern, and southwestern sections of the county the two species repre- 
sented are the scrub and pitch pines, the latter occuring only occasion- 
ally on sandy soils along the edge of swamps, and seldom in sufficient 
numbers to constitute a.stand. Pine and oak, chiefly white oak, are 
found in mixture in the northern half of the county. On the 127,200 
acres of forest land is a stand of saw timber aggregating 176,627,000 
board feet. The Prince George’s County Forest Survey, 1907, indi- 
cates hardwoods of 5,000 feet or more on 2,122 acres of land, and of 
less than 5,000 on 89,124 acres; pine stands, all under 5,000 feet, on 
23,755 acres; mixtures of both over an acrea of 12,199 acres, all of 
which is also less than 5,000 board feet per acre. 


Users oF THE FORESTS. 


The annual cut of lumber, ties, pulpwood, cordwood, staves, piling, 
poles, mine props, export logs, and posts, to name the different forest 
products in order of value, totals 1,388,000 cubic feet of wood, for the 
year 1914, with a value at the 32 mills, or other shipping points, of 
$161,939. It is therefore manifest that local woodlands contribute 
largely to the prosperity of the county, and the products of the forest 
rank next to those of agriculture as an important source of revenue. 
Although it is probable that the cut of hardwoods has decreased with- 
in recent years, it is equally true that the use of the pines, particu- 
larly the scrub, has shown a growing demand and a correspondingly 
heavy cut. The use of scrub pine for pulpwood began in the county 
about fifteen years ago, and has shown a steady increase since. 
For staves also the pine has come to be widely used, and to a lesser ex- 
tent for railroad ties, the latter usually receiving some preservative 
treatment before use. There are approximately 100 miles of steam 
and electric lines in this county, all of which help to make most of the 
timbered regions easily accessible, as well as furnishing excellent 
markets for some of their forest products. The wood-using industries 
of this county are restricted to yards at Berwyn, Capitol Heights, 
Hyattsville, Laurel, Riverdale, and Upper Marlboro, with planing 


PLATE XIV. FIG. 1—ERODED LANDS IN SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 


Destructive erosion is usually the consequence of cutting forests from rolling lands which should 
remain in timber growth. This abuse of the land is not confined to a single section of the State. 


PLATE XIV. FIG. 2—THE STATE FOREST NURSERY. 


Supplied with thousands of growing trees in the species best adapted to this State, the Forest Nursery, 
College Park, is the State’s answer to the often expressed need of 
suitable stock for forest planting. 


i 


PRINCE GEORGE’S CouNTY. 105 


mills at Berwyn and Riverdale, all concerns depending upon the retail 
trade of their respective sections. 

The forests of Prince George’s County, like those of others in the 
State, are readily susceptible to improved methods, and respond readi- 
ly to forest management of the right sort. Where the forests have 
been abused by excessive and injurious cutting, and perhaps injured 
repeatedly by fires, the first consideration must be to get them as fully 
stocked as possible. This may often be accomplished by natural seed- 
ing where the woodland is efficiently protected from fire, and exces- 
Sive grazing prevented. Where the present stand consists only of 
scattered trees of undesirable kinds, and there are not a sufficient 
number of seed trees of the better species to restock the land effectual- 
ly, it 1s advisable that the land be cut clean, and replanted with an 
adequate number of some more useful trees. 


106 


THe Forests of MARYLAND. 


PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY. ; 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount, Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwoods ........ 2,457,000 Board Feet $17.00 per M $41,769 
SOHMAVOOGl osccccos 810,000 Board Feet 14.00 per M 11,340 
Pulpwood: Poplar .......... 450 Cords 6.50 per Cord e292 5 
Gum erect 450 Cords 6.50 per Cord | 2,925 
Pine = reece ae 2,700 Cords 4.50 per Cord | 12,150 
Railroad Ties: 
IWihtiter @alkiw wa. sees tea 31,500 .70 each 22,050 
Dba! OM sonccccuveccce 63,000 .50 each 31,500 
@hestnutemwerrcce te Ceres 12,600 .20 each 2,520 
PANO ae ace ee ee 900 30 each 270 
I PallUb Vee) Peto oieia ces ae 52,000 Lineal Feet -11 per Foot 5,720 
CordwoodisOaky ees. a ~ 1,200 Cords 5.00 per Cord 6,000 
Pine) sreaer ae eee 2,400 Cords 4.00 per Cord 9,600 
Whine JES Gaon du cerosabeds 480 Tons 2.25 per Ton 1,080 
SLA CS peer st ste e cnsaine trata 855,000 Pieces 7.50 per M 6,412 
LEWES. Fo a REPO ie ee arn 900 3.50 each | 3,150 
Shinglesm ernie a Saeee 180,000 4.50 per M | 810 
Rostsm Cedar aaasce mre 2,700 .20 each 540 
(Chestnut eee eee 900 .12 each 108 
Export Logs: 
AVViall Uti search poeeucree a 13,000 Board Feet 50.00 per M 650 
RO DNAs eek eee ie 14,000 Board Feet 30.00 per M 420 
INA® COUWMAPS ooo0c00aG000 1,388,000 Cubic Feet $161,939 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
| 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total | Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area: Wooded. | More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. | Diameter. 
% Hardwood Pine Total Srna eae Total 
Acres. Acres. MBd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bad. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
1 23,083 12,492 54 5,845 11,705 17,550 $23,380 $46,820 $70,200 
2 8,806 4,481 51 2,444 5,721 8,165 9,776 22,884 32,660 
3 | 15,360 4,134 27 BPXI5) || 5 oo ccc008 5,265 PALOGO || gooconcess 21,060 
4 24,678 7,272 29 10,106 1,082 11,188 40,424 4,328 44,752 
5 31,149 17,127 58 13,052 14,213 27,265 52,208 56,852 109,060 
6 14,605 6,199 42 4,397 800 5,197 17,588 3,200 20,788 
7 29,581 6,723 23 9,864 104 9,968 39,456 416 39,872 
8 19,866 9,448 48 7,883 5,723 13,606 31,532 22,892 54,424 
9 17,683 8,329 47 6,341 3,738 10,079 25,364 14,952 40,316 
10 7,885 2,982 38 2,034 S77 2,911 8,136 3,508 11,644 
alal 28,595 16,833 59 13,368 5,080 18,448 53,472 20,320 73,792 
12 12,122 3,736 31 3,688 TOL 4,389 | 14,752 2,804 17,556 
13 | 921.645 7,389 | 3 6,180 6,532 12,712 24,720 26,128 50,848 
14 24,742 | 13,987 | 57 | 9,675 10,399 20,074 | 38,700 41,596 80,296 
15 ue Syiak | 3,986 | 20 5,180 381 5,061 | 20,720 1,524 22,244 
16 7,501 | 2082 | 28 2,522 1,727 4,249 10,088 6,908 16,996 
The County’ | 306,872 | 127,200 |} 41 107,844 68,783 | 176,627 $431,376 $275,132 $706,508 


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PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY RY 4 ( 
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SHOWING THI VIS a 2 
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FOREST AREAS ] \) ef hj i \\ dena 
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COMMERCIAL TYPES So a é ee SV Stal 
PREPARED BY =a) fe wi; / Z 
F. W. BESLEY ALY ene p cKs SEE . 
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MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY —\/ \~\ mls 2 SY) ( q 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F.W. BESLEY ) » UW 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER BTATE FORESTER 5 eye cS . au 
1915 i é X > 
SCALE: hay Ea EMO ne 
1 Inch equals 8 Miles or a0 of Natural Scale jae UY Li 
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Forest sUAVRY, 1907 4 ; S 
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fe Hardwood Saplings (Hs) = \ ) : SN X 
| 


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1 
; : |_/ STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD 
| ] \ r NS FEET AND SCRUB PINE IN CORDS | 


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{ ( \ \ ay - + | 0—2,000 Seta 1 aa Se Mil 
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QUEEN ANNE’S COUNTY. 


Queen Anne’s County lies on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay ; 
it is south of the Chester River, its principal inland waterway; and 
borders Delaware on the east. The main topographical features are 
flat to gently rolling lands which vary in altitude from 10 feet along 
the tidal rivers to about 100 feet in the east-central part of the county. 
There is a slight elevation extending through the central part, divid- 
ing the drainage of the Chester and Tuckahoe Rivers, while the whole 
surface is broken up by numerous small streams and sluggish creeks. 
The predominating soil of the higher portion is a rich Sassafras loam, 
with small areas of sandy soils along the Chester River. Queen 
Anne’s is distinctly an agricultural county, with a considerable 
amount of forest land which will eventually be utilized for cultivated 
crops. 


Tue FORESTS. 


In this county oceurs the southern extension of the pure hardwood 
forests so characteristic of central Maryland, with the addition of 
some new species and a considerable difference in their relative repre- 
sentation. With the exception of Kent Island, upon which the forests 
are principally Icblelly pine, the softwood areas are small and mestly 
of the scrub pine type. In all, 26 per cent of the county is in wood- 
land, generally in small, irregular patches, though in a few cases sev- 
eral hundred acres in extent. 

One of the chief differences of the forests of this county from those 
farther north is the small percentage of chestnut found, as it here 
reaches practically its southern limit of distribution on the Eastern 
Shore peninsula. There are few swampy areas, the only ones of any 
extent occurring in the northeastern part of the county, where the 
prevailing swamp hardwoods—red maple, red and black gums, and 
other species in smaller proportion—are found. The principal timber 
trees of the county are white, black, Spanish, willow, pin and red 
oaks, red maple, red gum, black gum, and hickory. As elsewhere, the 
white, red and black oaks are found on the better-drained soils, and 
furnish the great bulk of the timber cut in the county; while the 
other species occur on the poorer soils, and are only taken for timber 
when more desirable kinds are not available. 


107 


108 Tue Forests oF MARYLAND. 


Hardwood forests constitute 94 per cent of the county’s total wood- 
ed area, the survey of 1909 shows, stands of pine, and of mixed hard- 
wood and pine, each being present to the extent of only 3 per cent. 
None of the hardwoods amount to over 5,000 board feet per acre, 
while there are 55,359 acres where the stand is less than this; 166 acres 
of pine contains stands of 5,000 and more board feet per acre, and 
1,840 acres of less; there are only 31 acres of mixed stands exceeding 
5,000 feet, and 1,874 of less. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


The 1914 cut in Queen Anne’s County from 26 mills and large 
timber operators aggregated 690,205 cubic feet, with a value of $83,- 
363. Lumber is of course heading the list, with the other forest pro- 
ducts, in order of their importance, cordwood, piling, poles, pulpwood, 
railroad ties, mine props, and lath. There are 54 miles of railroad 
lines in Queen Anne’s County, with the extensive frontage of naviga- 
ble water providing adequate facilities for developing and marketing 


the forest resources. Wood-using industries are relatively unimport- _ 


ant, there being practically no manufacturing of wood carried on ex-. 
cept for a planing mill at Queen Anne, and a mill and yard at Ches- 
ter. There are in addition retail yards at Centreville, Church Hill, 
and Sudlersville. 

By efficient fire protection and the practice of intensive forest 
management the forests, already favored by uniformly fertile soils, 
may easily be made one of the county’s most important assets. They 
are at present, however, poorly managed or neglected, due in large 
part to the fact that about three-fourths of the farms are leased to 
tenants, with certain unrestricted wood rights which are clearly inimi- 
cal to the better sort of forest management. 


QUEEN ANNE’S COUNTY. 109 


QUEEN ANNE’S COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. | 
} 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 2,400,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $43,200 
SOHIAWOO coaccoouue _ 1,380,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 20,700 
UP WOO ric cela sco dekeus 68° 350 Cords 5.50 per Cord 1,925 
iReulianG! GES ooaecoacnoveuc 1,800 50 each 900 | 
PRA mee eis ayeteen ehe soe Saves wien 33,000 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 3,300 | 
Gordwoodeee i sio-cysae nr 3,400 Cords 3.00 per Cord 10,200 | 
IMEIME REPT ODS gaicnecergisie is weiss «re 270 Tons 2.25 per Ton 608 | 
HONG os We Reo o tener oetoeaete 800 3.00 each 2,400 
ILAMN: Sia oe cease cera ae 40,000 3.25 per M 130 
BhenC@ountyctsac veins. - 690,205 Cubie Feet $83,363 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
a ; Hardwood Pine 
I i Reet | vasa [aera oy Foal 
eres. Acres. J Q 5 5 D BN 6 5 per M. per M. $ i 
1 46,338 15,992 35 TIGR Ril ering 16,337 STE G | ooauceacccn $73,516 
2 32,881 6,722 24 8,261 131 8,392 37,175 $655 37,830 
3 46,861 13,134 28 16,130 874 * 17,004 72,085 4,370 76,955 
4 11,017 2,522 23 572 6,397 6,969 2,514 31,985 34,559 
5 34,830 6,731 14 8,050 5,709 13,759 36,225 28,545 64,770 
6 36,430 9,349 26 12,318 3 12,321 55,431 15 55,446 
tf 23,353 4,820 26 3,891 1,427 5,318 17,509 7,135 24,644 
The County 231,770 59,270 26 65,559 14,541 80,100 $295,015 $72,705 $367,720 


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MAP OF 


[ber x 
t 


~ 


QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY / | 


SHOWING THE 


FOREST AREAS & 


BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER 


1915 


F. W. BESLEY 
TATE FonecTeR 


SCALE: J 


7 
1 
Natural Seal 
1 Loch equals 9 Miles or iar 55q of Natural Seal Bs 


FOREST SURVEY, 1909 


% 
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TYPES 
= Merchantablo Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
I Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 
[ 5 3] Loblolly Pine (L) 
Loblolly Pine Saplings (Le) 
| ee Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARD FEET 


= Me + 2,500 — 5,000 
c 1,500 — 2,500 
c 500 — 1,500 
c o— 500 
ie 5,000 — 15,000 
Bb 2,000 — 5,000 
cL 4,000 — 7,000 
OL 1000 — 3,000 | 


Se ae 


4 


a ‘ AEST 
‘ ee 
at KY TVCEESEE 


ST. MARY’S COUNTY. 


St. Mary’s is the southernmost of the group of counties lying on 
the western shore of Chesapeake Bay and known as southern Mary- 
land. It is bordered on the east by the Patuxent River and Chesa- 
peake Bay, and on the south by the Potomac. The St. Mary’s River, 
at the head of which the first settlement was made in Maryland in 
1634, forms the county’s principal inland water course. The main 
topographic feature is a low plateau extending from Point Lookout, 
at the most southern end of the county, in a northeasterly direction to 
the Charles County line, a distance of 42 miles and the extreme length 
of the county. Along this plateau the highest elevations are about 
200 feet, the slope from this ridge being eastward toward the Patux- 
ent, and southwest, at tidewater, to the Potomac. 

This central plateau was called ‘‘The Forest’’ in early days, since 
it was almost entirely wooded, with the settlements and cleared areas 
largely confined to the shores of the Patuxent, Potomac, and their 
tributaries. As the settlements advanced inland, the section known 
as ‘‘The Forest’’ gradually lost its first significance, and the wooded 
areas become interspersed generally with cultivated land, so that at 
the present forest and farm land are almost equally divided, the only 
principal exception being adjacent to some of the streams, where there 
is a larger amount of cleared than forest land. 


Tue FORESTS. 


The present wooded area of St. Mary’s County amounts to 51 per 
cent, a very large amount, and one that is only exceeded by three 
others in the State. Fifty years ago, however, there was much more 
land under cultivation than today. The original forests were almost 
entirely of hardwood, but the abandonment of so much farm land at 
the close of the Civil War has gradually changed conditions in this 
county, accounting in marked degree for the larger proportion of pine 
in the present forests. 

The southeastern half of the county has the largest amounts of 
pine, because it was in this section that so much of the former farm 
land was permitted to grow up again in forest, and the prolific, light- 
seeded pine was the species to take possession of the abandoned clear- 
ings. The forests of the county may be divided into three types— 


111 


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LOBESL YBEVe 


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MAP OF 
) ST. MARY'S COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 
u FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY \ 
F. W. BESLEY 


\ 
\ 
\ 
\ 
wth 
\ 
\ 
\ 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK  F. W. BESLEY 
aR EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE roresten 
Lan’ 


\ 
1915 


NY; \ 
Nee \ 
SCALE: NN \ 
ih SS. \ 
Ni Scale 
1 Inch equals 3 Miles or 187,500 of Natural Seal Ne \ \ 
Noe 
FOREST SURVEY. 1909 Ne \ 
Point of Rocks \ 
a NaN 
\ Yon 
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TYPES 


| 
| 
| 
Wistchyante blo] ard code ((M) astern |e a 
(esis Hardwoods (6) < 


Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


Loblolly Pine (L) 

Scrub Pine (S) 

Loblolly Pine Saplings (Ls) 
Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 


a: Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 


Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET 
AND SCRUB PINE IN CORDS 


{ 
|! Point Look-1 

M- - 6,000 — 10,000 C#Lt - - 3,500 — 6,000 . jee MD) \ 1 st.ecorce istano 
M? 3,000 — 6,000 CL? - - 3,000 — 6.000 { \ J <5 * \! 
@ - 2,000 — 3,000 cL? - - 1,000 — 2,0c0 Se i 7 { 
ce - 500 — 2,000 C's? - - 1,500 — 3,000 " 1 
ce -- o-— 500 c7S? - - 2,000 — 4,000 
tL? - 5,000 — 10,000 GS Ss 0 — 2,000 
- - 1,000 — 5,000 os: - - 0 — 1,000 
s 40 — 60 Cords 


Sto =~ 20 — 40 Cords 
SUE e 0 — 20Cords 


c 
Corntield Pi 


Ppoyt-----------~ 


/ 


SOMERSET COUNTY. 


Somerset, the southernmost county of Maryland, lies at the lower 
part of the Eastern Shore peninsula, and directly on Chesapeake Bay, 
with several tidal rivers—among them the Manokin, Annemessex and 
Marumsco—cutting deeply into it, and the Wicomico and Pocomoke 
Rivers touching its northern and southern ends, respectively. There 
is little variety of topography, and the entire county is very charac- 
teristic of the Coastal Plain Division, of which it forms a part. In the 
northeast section, which has the highest elevations of any portion of 
the county, the soil is light and sandy; in the southern and western 
sections there are large marshy areas along the tidal bays and streams. 
In general, the central and eastern parts of the county contain the 
best farm soils, which are usually of a loam type. In the southwest a 
large proportion of the lands are too wet to admit of cultivation with- 
out first clearing them of forest, an operation nearly always difficult 
because of the low elevations which prevail. One-third of the county 
is less than 10 feet above sea level, and the percentage of marsh land 
is increasing steadily. Somerset, it may be added, has the highest 
percentage of waste farm land of any county in the State, and next 
to the highest in salt marsh. 


Tue FORESTS. 


With the exception of the marshes, the entire county was originally 
in forest, and it is supposed that this first stand consisted principally 
of hardwoods. The gradual effect of settlement has been to reduce 
materially the wooded acreage. As the original areas were cut down, 
the population at the same time increased, and caused an even greater 
drain upon the forests which were left. Many of the larger areas have 
of course been completely deforested, and at the present time only 25 
per cent remains in woodland. Present forests are pretty commonly 
confined to fresh-water swamp lands and poorly drained soils in gen- 
eral, in such situations often occurring in large bodies two to three 
thousand acres in extent. Such forests as remain are rather evenly 
divided in their distribution, mixtures of softwoods and hard occur- 
ring in all parts of the county, as well as pure stands of pine and of 
mixed hardwoods, although in the extreme northeastern section the 
sandy soils have caused a corresponding preponderance of pine. 


115 


116 THE Forests of MARYLAND. 


In the west section of the county loblolly pine is invariably the - 
only tree that can withstand conditions along the borders of the pre- 
vailing swamps; and in the gradual sinking of the shore line, and the 
encroaching of the marshes upon the dryer lands inside, this tree is 
the last to recede. Over the entire county there is a large amount of 
loblolly occurring wherever surface conditions are not too wet, and 
even in such areas this tree will be found growing on the hummocks 
with scattered hardwoods. In the northern third of the county where 
hardwoods commonly occur they are usually of a swamp type, con- 
sisting principally of scrubby oak and gum, while in the southern sec- 
tion — particularly, though, in the southwest — the white oak is more 
common, attaining a fair. size and good quality. Red gum is also 
more abundant in the southern section of the county, where it is of 
noticeably better quality than in the northern part. Loblolly pine 
reaches its best development on the low, sandy loams in the southern 
half of Somerset, almost invariably growing in even-aged stands above 
a lower story of oaks and gum. The demand for oak, particularly 
white oak, has been heavy, stripping the hardwood stands of their most 
valuable timber. After a clear cut, pine is the first to reseed, but 
heavily cut-over stands of hardwood are usually restocked with such 
relatively inferior species as black gum and red maple. Generally, 
however, the hardwood forests have suffered more than the pine 
stands, which, by reason of their consisting of a single species, and 
that of a kind possessing in marked degree powers of recuperation, 
have quickly recovered from the cuttings and naturally regenerated 
the land. . 

Only 10 per cent of the forested area of Somerset county was in 
pure hardwoods when the survey of 1910 was made, with 42 per cent 
in pine (including a small amount of cypress) and 48 per cent in 
stands of both. Of this, the mixed hardwoods, 7,101 acres in extent, 
are all of less than 5,000 feet per acre; 7,896 acres of pure pine stands 
contain timber amounting to 5,000 feet or over to the acre, and 20,843 
acres of less; while stands of mixed hardwood and pine contain 5,601 
and 26,946 acres, respectively, according to this classification. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


Though the percentage of forest land in Somerset County is not 
large, there is a relatively heavy cut of lumber and other forest prod- 
ucts, which in 1914 amounted to 2,742,423 cubic feet, with a value of 
$363,174 at shipping points. These figures represent the combined 
euts of 46 mill and timber operators, and lumber heads the list in 
point of amount and value. Mine props are second, then barrel staves, 


PLATE XV. FIG. 1.—LOGGING IN SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 
Methods like these are well adapted to local conditions, which are often difficult for woods work. 


PLATE XV. FIG. 2—PULPWOOD FOR SHIPMENT. 


Disregarded for many years as having little value, the scrub pine forests of Southern Maryland are 
proving a growing source of revenue in counties where stands of this 
sort make up a large bulk of the forest area. 


SOMERSET COUNTY. 117 


cordwood, barrel heads, piling, lath, railroad ties, and shingles. Som- 
erset has a cut of softwood or pine lumber only exceeded by that of 
four other counties — Dorchester, Garrett, Wicomico, and Worcester ; 
in mine props it heads the State. A large water frontage is respon- 
sible for a considerable cut of piling, and there is a somewhat limited 
market for cordwood, the greater part of which is pine. There are in 
all 35 miles of railway in this county, and the facilities for water ship- 
ping are unusual. Planing mills are located at Crisfield, Harold, and 
Princess Anne; plants for box and erate making at Crisfield, Harold, 
Princess Anne, and Westover; for barrels at Marion Station; boats at 
Crisfield ; and a total of six yards at Crisfield, Harold, Marion Station, 
and Princess Anne. It would seem, with the timber supply at hand 
and the shipping facilities nearly everywhere available, that this 
branch of forest products might warrant some extension. There is 
about $125,000 invested in the timber business, which employs 400 
men. Such industries are of incalculable benefit to any county, and 
right management of local forest resources should make possible a 
continuance of these conditions, if not an actual improvement in them. 

Fortunately, there has come about in the last few years a decided 
change for the better in the attitude of landowners toward forests. 
When wood was very abundant, and consequently cheap, little atten- 
tion was ever given to the growing of this crop. Now, with the great 
imerease in general timber values, more attention is being paid to the 
management of woodlands. There is also being experienced generally 
a very rapid rise in the values of farm land, and this also has resulted 
in more intensive farm management, with a consequent favorable re- 
action toward improved conditions in the woodlot. Of the farms of 
the county, 25 per cent are operated by tenants, and this farming un- 
der lease has always been an obstacle to the best kind of forest man- 
agement. The tenant cannot, of course, be expected to manifest to- 
ward the wooded portions of the farm exactly the same attitude as the 
owner. And since while upon the farm he is in practically complete 
control, it is difficult for the actual landowner to carry out any well- 
regulated system of forest management, even were he disposed to do 
so. In the past the average landowner has not always been apprecia- 
tive of the actual value of forest lands as a source of income, and this 
has resulted in their sometimes being managed at much less than their 
maximum of output. With the increase of values and changed condi- 
tions along these lines, it is anticipated that better forest management 
will in time receive the necessary impetus in Somerset County. 


118 THe Forests or MARYLAND. 


SOMERSET COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
pS Ee eee oe |e — aa 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 2,515,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $45,270 
Softwood .......... 11,625,000 Board Feet 16.00 per M 186,000 
SRailroadeties mae errr eeee 600 -50 each 300 
Heallbb Wosrecna pena recat eee aces Op orcrCS 32,500 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 3,250 
Cordwoodl- Oaks Menpenccrectce 565 Cords 3.50 per Cord 1,978 
PAM @ iP h Se acct 735 Cords 2.50 per Cord ~ 1,837 
MinepProps. casita mere 41,470 Tons 2.25 per Ton 93,487 
Staves and Headings........ 3,745,000 Pieces 7.82+ per M 29,299 
Shingles sac ser eeaeeciee 30,000 4.25 per M 128 
Poa thespian isan ei hee oxeneackeeioneee 500,000 3.25 per M 1,625 
os a Hl pa IE ai 
MhesCounttyereeaaeeiaee 2,742,423 Cubic Feet : $363,174 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
~ Acres. Acres. Hardwood Pine Total Hardwood Pine 
7  Mpat. | MBa Ft | MBa Fr | $400 5.00 oval 
: -per M. per M. $ 
| pes ess a 

1 22,430 | 14,751 66 5,633 |° 23,683 29,316 $22,532| $118,415} $140,947 
2 11,390 | 3,805 33 250 7,880 8,130 1,000 39,400 40,400 
3 64,600 | 11,451 17 2,950 35,248 38,198 11,800 176,240 188,040 
4 53,350 11,792 22 3,950 32,059 36,009 15,800 160,295 176,095 
5 11,970 3,402 29 1,726 6,752 8,478 6,904 33,760 40,664 
6 7,660 1,252 16 143 2,022 2,165 572 10,110 10,682 
Ti 2,030 41 VAD Perea ey oro 102 | BU ete eee cit oie 510 510 
8 16,310 3,279 20 133 13,480 13,613 BEY) II seiaoodadde 532 
9 4,160 Teles oldie |e b.0ic0.b.000 47 | ATO ernie teen aces 235 235 
10 Pa ee EO ere | ie ees aun lion cao gase tocdesccoes | edéososo sx 
1a 7,530 72 Dey ee iileeiaio.a.o6.500 70 (AON | lig orto of pto.do-c 350 350 
12 19,570 392 VAN rll ara .3'5 on 500 960 XX) oo od ndoo6 4,800 4,800 
13 2,510 5,458 22 3,386 7,884 11,270 13,544 39,420 52,964 
14 28,230 Pn NV ciple elcid oOilliGs 0060.40.00 55 BS) leocaoonscs 275, 275 
15 13,910 12,651 91 1,187 2,499 25,686 4,748 122,495 ° 127,243 
The County | 273,180 | 68,387 25 19,358 | 154,741 | 174,099 $77,432 |  $706,305| $783,737 


ale 
twelereay 


“Ee abn net t 


= MAP OF 


SOMERSET COUNTY 


FOREST AREAS 

ny © 
COMMERCIAL TYPES \ 

PREPARED BY Se 

F. W. BESLEY 


anticoke! 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER, STATE FORESTER 


1915 


SCALE: 
1 
187,500 


1 Inch equals 3 Miles or of Natural Seale 


6 


\ 
SHARKFIN SHOAL Vee 
hots cee 


\ 


FOREST SURVEY. 1910 


Hall Pt. EK ‘ 


CIN 


‘ 
PS GOREAT SHOALS pd, 


A 


J AWS ee Quarles °2o1 


bapilola 


oy ae 
F Rotel | 


ie Nas “ 
f, south mars 
SO 
& is} 
Vier 


Poss 


CU 


HOLLANG(D.BAR 
un f 


4 
>| Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
_ |Culted Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 
Loblolly Pine (L) 
Loblolly Pine Saplings (Ls) 
Cypress and Loblolly Pine (CyU) 
Mixed Hardwoods 
‘and Loblolly Pine (CL) 
Mixed Hardwoods 
‘and Cypress (CCy) 


fe STAND OF SAW TIMBER 
PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET 


mM? - = - 4,000 — 6,000 
ct - - - 1,500 — 4,000 
cr =. - 500— 1,500 
(hero 1 Oo— 500 
{uss - = - 5,000 — 15,000 
ut mes O— 5,000 
Mal? - - - 5,000 — 10,000 
cis - - 8,000 — 15,000 
CHL - - 4,000 — 8,000 
cal? - - 3,000 — 7,000 
CL - 2,000 — 3,000 
cit 500 — 1,500 
caL* o— 1,000 
C?L* - = o— 500 
Cyl? - - 6,000 — 10,000 
C*Cy* - 1,000 — 2,000 


i 
HT woes 
ga 


“4 


S= —~ ei 
+ QO Rte 
é , 


-. 


= VS Ga ND = Fe 
meri at pe! ape my 
a 2 4 a 


TALBOT COUNTY. 


Talbot lies mid-way of the Eastern Shore peninsula, and directly 
on the Cheasapeake Bay. Two tide-water streams, the Miles and Tred 
Avon Rivers, extend for some distance into the county, and on the 
north and south respectively are the Wye and Choptank Rivers, also 
tide-water streams. These streams are the county’s most distinctive 
topographic feature, dividing the land surface of fully two-thirds of 
the whole into a series of necks and peninsulas. The numerous water- 
courses, in addition to the unsurpassed means of transportation which 
they afford, constitute one of this region’s chief charms, and have 
brought hundreds of people into the county to settle on river-front 
farms. Local soils vary somewhat in different portions of the county, 
though for the greater part they are either a silt loam or a light, sand 
loam, the former occurring particularly in the western section. 


Tuer Forests. 


Of Talbot’s total land area, 29 per cent is wooded. These forests 
are rather evenly distributed, and frequently large areas of 500 acres 
or more occur, although such tracts consist usually of a number of 
woodlots contained in several neighboring farms. A forest map of Tal- 
bot County shows rather more hardwoods in the northern part than 
pine, while from the central portion south this proportion is reversed. 
However, there is much more pine than any other species, and nearly 
all of it is loblolly. In most cases the pine is growing in mixture with 
some of the hardwoods — of which the oaks, red and black gums, red 
maple and hickory are the most important. Good soil and generally 
excellent conditions of drainage combine to produce high-quality tim- 
ber, with perhaps more favorable conditions for its growth than in 
any other county of the Eastern Shore. Much of this land now in 
forest, however, is so eminently well suited for agriculture that a con- 
siderable percentage of it will no doubt be cleared eventually for cul- 
tivation. In fact, clearing is now quite extensively in progress in the 
southern and northeastern sections of the county. 

Considered as a whole, 19 per cent of Talbot County is in mixed 
hardwood stands; 26 per cent in pine; 55 per cent in mixed hardwood 
and pine. Some of this, particularly the pine, is in heavy stands: the 
Forest Survey, made 1910, showing 441 acres of hardwoods amount- 


119 


120 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


ing to 5,000 board feet or more per acre, and 8,251 acres of less; 6,942’ 


acres of pine of more than 5,000 feet per acre, with only 5,185 acres 
where the stand is less; and 1,573 acres of mixed hardwoods and pine 
standing in excess of 5,000 feet per acre, with 23,430 acres of less. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


There are 38 mill and timber operators in Talbot County, this 
number in 1914 producing a cut of 1,274,994 cubie feet, with a value 
- of $137,212. The cut of lumber takes first place, cordwood next, then 
staves, poles, pulpwood, railroad ties, lath, shingles, and posts. Aside 
from the cut of lumber and cordwood, for which there exist good mar- 
kets, both in the county and farther up the Bay, the minor forest 
products are not of much importance here. The best of the tie mate- 
rial has probably already been removed, but the cut of pulpwood is 
scarcely more than commencing. Some manufacturing of wood is con- 
ducted in this county, wood-using industries being largely centered at 
Easton, although three other places are represented. There are retail 
yards at Easton, Oxford, Trappe, and St. Michael’s; boat yards at Ox- 
ford; planing mills at Oxford, Tunis Mills and Easton, as well as a 
plant at Easton for the manufacture of furniture. There are 43 miles 
of railroad lines in Talbot County, and facilities in general are favor- 
able for the conduct and development of most of the forest industries 
found here. 


TaLBor CouNTY. 


TALBOT COUNTY. 


121 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 1,444,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M ; $25,992 
Sotiwood mares 5,369,000 Board Feet 15.00 per M 80,535 
IU WOO GG sesrersysvcfersveas sere sieve) ene 350 Cords 6.00 per Cord 2,100 
IeeMbOAG! HME Gesaddocaccnod 2,000 45 each 900 
JAW soogbanogpoddousoedee 20,000 Lineal Feet | .08 per Foot 1,600 
Cordwood: Oak ~.-5..25...-- 2,800 Cords | 3.50 per Cord 9,800 
PING apse einai telson 4,200 Cords 2.50 per Cord 10,500 
Staves ira ctonestrcwere ors sees nies 350,000 Pieces 7.50 per M 2,625 
HOLES irersrciee arse ee ave face te aoe: chai 800 2.75 each 2,200 
SIMINHIES Gscosdpeosnogaedoon 85,000 4.25 per M 361 
ILE). cod Sab boo Gee Oren ceenS 129,000 3.25 per M 419 
MOSES E texetevaynts cele ievalie  cosiie) Save oleneisie 1,200 -15 each 180 
Mien Countyaemes meer 1,274,994 Cubic Feet $137,212 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
% Hardwood Pine Total ia a aah i Total 
Acres. Acres. M Bd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
| 
1 33,025 14,369 43 52,795 45,247 98,042 $211,180 $226,235 $437,415 
2 21,217 3,699 17 1,734 18,620 20,354 6,936 93,100 100,036 
3 43,253 13,613 32 10,598 23,382 34,980 42,392 116,910 159,302 
4 50,676 11,955 24 20,186 32,829 53,015 80,744 164,145 244,889 
5 10,609 2,186 21 557 7,292 7,849 2,228 36,460 38,688 
pa ———— a 
The County | 158,780 45,822 29 85,870 127,370 214,240 $343,480 $636,850 $980,330 


| MAP ¢ 
TALBOT C 

SHOWING 

FOREST A 

BY 

COMMERCIAL 


PREPARED 
F. W. BES 


MARYLAND BOARD 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER 


1915 
SCALE: 


4 1 
1 Inch equals 3 Miles or 1878 


FOREST SURVE) 

Lonig Pr. Ue 

ys as 

ites Le) cia an aot | 

eal Wades Pt vax 
fo 


0 | 


ha 7 Merch 
[ Culled 
eee) Hardw( 


Lobloli; 
| Scrub 


a —- Mixed 
| Mixed | 
Neeser cae 4 ¥ Hardwo 
SHARPS /D. 1.1. = 


~_ Hardwo| 


| 
| 
| 
i 


STAND OF SA 


meee | M? - - - 8,000 

SS | ME 2 s = 3000 
[SOL SR ae Serer) 

@2 a 5) Silo) 

Coipenge) Gale on 

; Meni ils 20a 51080) 
\ / IS 2 = = B OOO: 
\ yi | i+ Ger cs 0: 
N 5 S os 5 AMO 


ee S dae OF 


Ls 


D 
2 


MAP OF 
TALBOT COUNTY laa 
SHOWING THE \ € 
FOREST AREAS 
BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 


PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK FF. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TATE roneoren 


1915 
SCALE: 


1 ‘ 
Natural Seale 
re7,a00 Of Natural 5 


1 Inch equals & Miles or 


Lonlg Pr 


y ye BennettPr) 


Valiant | 4 
Poptanc Y 
ISLANDS 


Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


! WW) 


Lobtolly Pine (L) 


\ 
1 
1 


| # SHARPS 10.LH. 


“Blackwalnut 
“ar 


Scrub Pino (S) 
Loblolly Pine Saplings (Le) 


Mixed Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 


LM 


ys 


Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 
Hardwood Saplings ond Loblolly Pina (HaL) 
Hardwood Saplings and Loblolly Pina Saplings (HsLe) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET 


Ax. 


; A 


AE 


ie 
% 


\ 


\ Sharps | A 
\ talande ns = 8,000 — 12,000 CYL? - - - 8,000 — 15,000 & 
i \ ee Oe > 3,000 — 8,000 Ctl? - - - 4,000— 7,000 
\ | Ci = = - 2,000 — 3,000 cl? - 8,000 — 12,000 Fag oe. [Howell Pr z fi 
\ Cc» - = = 1,000 — - 2,000. ce 3,000 — 6,000 ( es 
\ |e CMe eee OE =2811000 CLs 3,000 \ — 
\ = 15,080 — 25,000 CALs. 2,500 HambrookBan— 
\ | &- - = 5,000 — 15,000 Cali eeden o— 500 =i EF 
\ - we ete Gs 5,000 Hsl> - < - 4,000 — 6,000 Se 7 
2 = = + 4,000 — 6,000 Crs? - - - 2,000 — 5,000 + . 
Ns eS Ses 0— 4,000 cst - - - 500— 1,000 c BEDS 


WASHINGTON COUNTY. 


Washington is one of the four mountain counties of the State, and 
lies in three different physiographic divisions. The western section 
forms a part of the Appalachians; the central lies in the Hagerstown 
Valley ; while the eastern half is included in the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains. The suface and soil conditions are in consequence variable. 

To Washington County attaches the distinction of being, at Han- 
cock, the narrowest part of Maryland, as at that point, from north to 
south, it is but two miles from Pennsylvania to West Virginia. In 
shape Washington County is not unlike a triangle, with the western 
end extended to join the Allegany County line. Frederick County is 
to the east, Pennsylvania on the north, and West Virginia and the Po- 
tomae River to the south. The highest elevation is Quirauk Mountain 
in the Blue Ridge, 2,145 feet above sea-level, while the lowest, only 
260 feet, is in the southeastern section near the Potomac. The soils of 
the Blue Ridge are generally sandy loams, while those prevailing in 
the Allegany Mountains are usually somewhat stiffer, with a greater 
proportion of clay. The soils of the Hagerstown Valley are of a clay- 
loam type, and the most productive in the State. 


THe Forests. 


The county has a present wooded area placed at 24 per cent. Prob- 
ably one-half of the forests are in the western quarter of the county, 
and much of the remainder in the extreme east, with farm lands and 
scattering woodlots between. It is on these middle areas, however, 
where the trees are in great part growing on fertile soils, that the 
heaviest stands of timber may be found, though in size such areas are 
by far too small ever to rank as large producers. There is no pine of 
any consequence in the eastern or central portions of the county, but 
some considerable stands in the west where it grows in mixture with 
hardwoods, though nowhere constituting an important part of the for- 
est. Although several pines occur, the prevailing species is the serub 
pine, of small size and little value. 

Chief among the hardwoods on the ridges and upper slopes in 
the western mountain sections are scarlet oak, chestnut oak, and chest- 
nut; with black, white and red oaks on the lower slopes; white oak, 
ash, elm, and tulip in the ravines. The occurrence and distribution 


123 


124 THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


of species in the Blue Ridge or eastern mountain section is very much 
the same, except that there is practically no pine, and greater amounts 
of chestnut and chestnut oak. The most important timber producers 
of the valley or central forests, in order of relative abundance, are the 
black, white and red oaks, hickory, ash, elm, black walnut, and maple, 
with black locust occurring in small patches throughout the county. 

The forests of Washington County, by the State’s Survey of 1911, 
are 83 per cent hardwood, 1 per cent pine, and 16 per cent mixed 
hardwood and pine. There are 4,022 acres of mixed hardwoods con- 
taining timber estimated at 5,000 board feet or over per acre, and 56,- 
160 acres where the stand is below this figure; the 599 acres of pure 
pine, and the 11,493 acres of hardwood and pine, all amount to less 
than 5,000 feet per acre. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


There are 26 mill and timber men in Washington County who re- 
ported a cut of 1,485,950 cubic feet for 1914, with a value of $190,850. 
The lumber cut was, and is, a very heavy item of the total, followed by 
considerable quantities of railroad ties, poles, cordwood, tanbark, 
pulpwood, mine props, posts and pinwood, the latter principally lo- 
cust for telephone use. The cut of ties is especially large, which is 
not surprising in view of the fact that in this county there are 32 miles 
of electric lines and 91 of steam, it ranking next to Baltimore County 
in having the largest railway mileage in the State. 

Due in part, no doubt, to its facilities for transportation, Wash- 
ington County is a most important producer and manufacturer of 
timber. The cut of lumber is practically all of hardwood, and this 
finds a ready sale not only in points outside, but in the largest city, 
Hagerstown, which ranks high in the State in size and number of 
wood-using industries. There are yards for selling lumber at Boons- 
boro, Cavetown, Hancock, Keedysville, Maugansville, Sharpsburg and 
Williamsport, planing mills at Hancock and Williamsport, and a fur- 
niture factory at Clear Spring, but the centre of the county’s activi- 
ties along these lines is of course at Hagerstown. Reached by a net- 
work of railways, the city is well suited for manufacturing, and its 
plants for the manufacture of forest products are especially well de- 
veloped. There are 6 yards and planing mills, nearly all of them of 
considerable size; 6 furniture plants; 2 plants manufacturing wheel 
stock and 1, carriages; 1 refrigerator door plant; 1 large pipe organ 
manufactory ; 1 plant turning out telephone pins; and 1 other which 
manufactures ironing boards, phonographs and novelties. These sev- 
eral industries mean, for the county, the employment of 1,285 men, 


WASHINGTON COUNTY. 125 


and the annual consumption of 17,500,000 board feet of wood. From 
the standpoint of labor and profitable markets for raw material pro- 
duced, Washington County could not afford to be without them. 

Although such industries are not always directly dependent for 
their operation upon nearby forest resources, there are a goodly num- 
ber of them which rely upon local woodlands for the timber they man- 
ufacture. The owners of the latter in turn depend upon the Hagers- 
town market, and a trade between them has been built up which is in- 
valuable to both, and of actual cash value to the county as a whole. 
Right management of local forests will contribute to a maintenance 
of the present cut and a continuation of the dependent industries. In 
the past the mountain forests, the most extensive in the county, have 
been greatly damaged, repeatedly, by fires. This is especially true of 
the section in the northern Blue Ridge and that along the Potomac 
west of Hancock, railroads in both cases having been the chief offend- 
ers in the past. Adequate fire protection throughout the county, ac- 
tive and hearty co-operation on the part of residents, and a general 
improvement in prevalent farm woodlot management, are the surest 
means to guarantee a sustained forest production and a continuance 
of the forest industries which must depend upon it. 


126 


THE ForEsts oF MARYLAND. 


WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 4,685,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $84,330 
Softwoodseansaeee 65,000 Board Feet 16.00 per M 1,040 
Pulpwood <4 emake 900 Cords 6.50 per Cord ’ 5,850 
Railroad Ties: White Oak ... | 29,000 .65 each 18,850 
Mixed Oak ... 28,000 .40 each 11,200 
Chestnuts 29,100 .20 each 5,820 
HorCOl Socoscvococdccavoc 4,500 Cords 2.75 per Cord 12,375 
IMine| (PropSscir. octet 2,270 Tons 2.50 per Ton 5,675 
Man Bark concriusvyet tee 1,100 Tons 8.50 per Ton 9,350 
Poles 5. cher gocn cece 8,500 3.00 each 25,500 
Mine: Wess sei iskyean Rievernserrens 10,000 .15 each 1,500 
UB OBUS), concicva ceeeccncved ere ePatenee 36,000 .15 each 5,400 
ERIN WOO! teieroe re crerncey rae 440 Cords 9.00 per Cord 3,960 
The County 1,485,950 Cubic Feet $190,850 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet | 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. - 
Hardwood Pine Total slomekrong) Fame 
Renae ee) cl [itesiim, latinas Sea ey ee 
1 16/271 ||| 2,280 14 ASATA eee 4,547 $1615) | =e $18,188 
2 13,915 | 881 6 1,764 73 1,837 7,056 $328 7,384. 
3 1,041 34 3 PSY Io 60:0 04.60 40 195 TBO) rcmenens 780° 
4 27,177 6,525 24 6,780 670 7,450 27,120 3,015 30,135 
5 34,713 18,507 53 18,535 1,030 19,565 74,140 | 4,635 78,775 
6 | 16,906 2,848 17 GSA SE eonoacktees 6,848 HPA! goccacccas 27,392 
7 12,952 6,805 53 MANS | ooccceacee 9,798 IE || a ceca daacs 39,192" 
8 13,860 5,305 38 MIDS WV soceccoace 4,498 72002) eee 17,992 
9 15,101 372 2 OSA al Ras eye oes 2.154 8:66) |sas eee 8,616 
10 1,408 | 339 24 LST Sig teres ee 1,513 6.050) en eee 6,052° 
11 10,521 | 1,764 iy BNO | deccoceacs 3,000 T2000) eerie 12,000 
12 11,545 629 5 BIB > ll o'es aoe o000 3,186 VO TAA) cectk ess 12,744 
13 17,303 | 1,128 U BH0IG | ogoouessaal| 3,716 1458 645 Peer eins 14,864 
14 6,763 | 4,159 61 ALO} ‘log oo be goo 4,603 Alte}“aU2)'|| 5 clo clo goo 6 6 18,412 
15 32,890: | 9,719 30 11,219 184 11,403 44,876 828 45,704 
16 18,039 | 6,020 33 165248 ee oe 16,524 66:096i| ane ee 66,096 
17, 411 | 15 36 AQ es eeteheveeeee ts 40 WOO ecocccoso 160 
18 10,769 290 3 WAR || og.cc0 000 00 1,453 5; Sih vers teyerencrelle 5,812° 
19 8,836 764 9 BOCA Rte eae 1,306 UU Se da nnoe 5,224 
20 18,222 1,912 10 ppl) ls gaciogoceo 5,310 PALA) | Sooo G008 21,240 
21 658 aati 17 DOSii ranevens eee 538 PNB Io oon noec 2,152 
22 4,428 | 92 2 ATO Sane 412 1 G4S8|| AA ao 1,648 
23 2173 | 1,452 67 3,730 121 3,851 14,920 545 15,465 
24 4,719 | 189 4 Cie | Rana sn te | 853 342) eee 3,412- 
25 4,501 | 184 4 GY: (et stachomeieies Gc 540 25116 Oil Barerstcreraiciere 2,160 
The County | 305,122 | 72,274 24 113,062 2,078 115,140 $452,248 $9,351| $461,599 


i 


SS 


_—— 


ON cast” Al Sie 
alas Le, ae 


yivwusse 


Ley Z : i 7 \ , t 
yweteb ceqad a ~. 
Py ten Gee ae 


TN \ a 
| P \ i 


Vike 


a en 


9) 


© Berkeley 
Springs 


MAP OF 
WASHINGTON COUNTY 
SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
py 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 


EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FoneaTER 


SCALE: 
1 
187,500 


1 [uch equals $ Miles or of Natural Scale 


FORESY SURVEY. 1911 


TYPES 
Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Saplings (Hs) 


ay Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss). 


Mixed Hardwoods and Scrub Pine (CS) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 
IN BOARO FEET 


M? - 8,000 — 15,000 
Me? > De 3,500 — 8,000 
c Ce RSIS 2,000 — 3,500 
ce ey parone 1,000 — 2,000 
ce ica y= 0— 1,000 
cst ~ pion? (= Salas) 500 — 1,000 
c3s Seo ete ae o— 500 


Be a ane ; F 


BS Ness ake 


rottaos) tkotw 


e 
ae ‘ A _— \- 
t 
et ¥ z vi ¥ 
i 
" ue ' a 
Bt YAAM 
s . 2OJIUS Mw 
Es xs sai 
ea 
= = 
5 1 
i rk ft Pi aeh | PPE Ns 
agra 3 
- 
V2 AO QWATS 
y A 
ae E 
oe « 
RE, $ ‘ 
pe 
2 ; 
asors 
} 
Bary , 
ie 
, 
5 
Se ~ 
Bon 8, 
‘ ] 
pas ete - Pf : 
} 
” si ene err errer neta ae te 


WICOMICO COUNTY. 


Wicomico County occupies a position on the Eastern Shore penin- 
sula just south of the Delaware State-line. It is of rectangular shape, 
bordered on the west by Dorchester County, on the south by Somerset 
and Worcester, and also on the east by Worcester. The Wicomico and 
Nanticoke Rivers, together with Quantico Creek, furnish the county 
with tide-water transportation for a considerable distance, for the 
surface is very flat, with an elevation which varies from sea-level in 
the west to about 80 feet near Parsonsburg, in the east-central part. 
Along the Nanticoke, and to a lesser extent the Wicomico, there are 
considerable areas of salt-water marsh. Fresh-water swamps also oc- 
cur in the eastern and western parts of the county, and it is in the 
southern portion that the principal hardwood stands are located. The 
central part is better drained, containing the bulk of the pure pine 
stands. The soil is generally sandy, and wherever the elevation is suf- 
ficient to give good drainage the land has been largely cleared and 
cultivated. There is, on the other hand, some land, once cleared, that 
was allowed to grow up again in pine after its fertility had been ex- 
hausted. 

THE Forests. 


In this county there is 46 per cent of woodland, and the county 
stands well as a timbered and timber-producing district. The large 
percentage of undrained soils which are only suited for the growing 
of timber accounts chiefly for the large forested area, making the for- 
est interests of this county of great importance, and on the whole, 
partly because of extensive abandonment of exhausted lands, this 
forested area is apparently increasing. Considered as a county, there 
seems little variety in the size and range of the forests. There are 
some very large hardwood stands in the west, but on the whole the 
wooded areas are pretty evenly distributed, irregular in outline, and 
generally following drainage contours in more or less connected bodies. 

There is practically five times as much pine in the county as hard- 
wood, with loblolly constituting 95 per cent, and the balance largely 
serub pine, with a small amount of cypress in the eastern part.. Serub 
pine in small patches is found principally in the eastern and western 
parts of the county, although the stand of timber is nowhere very 
heavy. There are few hardwood stands that do not contain some scat- 


127 


128 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


tered pine. In such mixed stands the pine, being generally-more -val- 
uable, is usually eut to a small diameter limit, while the less desirable 
hardwoods — black gum, red maple, and scrubby oaks — are left in 
full possession of the land. This is particularly true in swampy places 
where the more valuable hardwoods do not thrive, and the pine only 
occurs on hummocks or where surface conditions will permit. The 
best pine grows in the central, and especially the south-central, part, 
while the heaviest hardwood stands occur in the extreme eastern and 
western parts. 


The Forest Survey made in 1908 shows that this county’s wood- 
lands are 23 per cent hardwood, 38 per cent pine, and 39 per cent 
mixed hardwood and pine. There are only 112 acres of hardwoods ex- 
ceeding 5,000 board feet per acre, with 24,852 acres where the stand is 
less; 7,018 acres of pine, 5,000 board feet and above per acre, and 35,- 
596 acres of less; and 1,270 acres in mixed stands which equal or ex- 
ceed 5,000 feet, and 42,760 acres which fall below. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


Wicomico County has a heavy cut of timber, with more sawmill 
and timber operators, 64, than any other county in the State. Their 
eut for 1914 fell below that of only two others, Charles and Garrett, 
and amounted to 3,949,470 cubic feet of wood, worth $592,318. How- 
ever, it has the heaviest cut of pine in Maryland, that product being 
followed in order of value by piling, staves, cordwood, mine props, 
railroad ties, lath, poles, and shingles. It may be remarked here that 
this county has the second largest eut of staves in the State, while in 
piling it easily leads. The cut of cordwood is also heavy, and consists 
principally of pine, much of which finds its way via the Chesapeake 
route to Baltimore. 


Wicomico is no doubt the second most important county of Mary- 
land as regards the number and size of its wood-using industries. The 
heavy stands of timber occurring locally, 43 miles of railway lines, and 
the excellent facilities for water shipments, all contribute to this. 
There are yards or planing mills at Hebron, Pittsville, Salisbury, 
Sharptown, and Wango; crate factories at Powellsville, Salisbury, 
Sharptown, Wango, and Willards; a boat yard at Sharptown; basket 
manufactories at Wango, Willards, and Powellsville; and plants turn- 
ing out boxes at Sharptown and Willards. In Salisbury alone there 
are six planing mills, five yards, six box factories, three plants for 
making erates, two basket factories, one wagon works, one plant mak- 
ing chairs, and one for building ships. Salisbury is practically the 


PLATE XVI. FIG. 1—LOBLOLLY PINE. 


Pre-eminently a species of the Eastern Shore, loblolly pine in extensive stands of straight, tall, well- 
formed trees easily takes rank as the leading and most valuable ‘‘softwood” of the State. 


TNO ie 1: 
ay 


fe 


Siiileckeslel 
SEMIN 


PLATE XVI. FIG. 2—CYPRESS, AND THE CYPRESS SWAMP. 


Another characteristic species of the Eastern Shore, the bald cypress gives an almost tropical touch 
to those Maryland forests. The ‘‘knees’” and the conditions giving 
rise to them are very evident here. 


v7 t 


Wicomico County. 129 


center of wood-working for the Eastern Shore, one of the chief cities 
of the State in this respect, and the forest industries of Wicomico 
County are of great value and importance. 

Constructive forest management will aid to their continuance as 
such, for nearly all are plants relying in large degree upon a local 
source of timber. 


130 


THE Forests or MARYLAND. 


Wicomico CouNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
———— |-— 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 2,005,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $36,090 
Softwood ......... 17,335,000 Board Feet 16.00 per M 277,260 
Railroad eles eee 25,000 .50 each 12,500 
Paling. sine ace tee see 1,450,000 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 145,000 
Cordwood: Oak ............. 1,572 Cords 3.50 per Cord 5,502 
PANG eee ireyel te era ers 7,103 Cords 2.50 per Cord 17,758 
WEG JERS sooocaccecocoe0cc 6,777 Tons 2.25 per Ton 15,248 
SLAVES: ceteris lee oriemaieen-eee se 10,250,000 Pieces 7.50 per M 76,875 
Poles). sa. corspayeye ers veventualecoieiotavenee 1,000 2.75 each 2,750 
Shing lesinzse erence sence ei cee 20,000 4.25 per M 85 
Tait’. ci iovonaiersineaiseir-tis see 1,000,000 3.25 per M 3,250 
hen Countyee: yee 3,949,470 Cubic Feet $592,318 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent | (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
Hardwood Pine Total Shaueireod Jeu 
Foe | hes | | mance, || team, jammin PM: | acca oe eee 
-- ee 
1 30,664 12,311 40 3,414 5,301 78,715 $13,656 $26,505 $40,161 
2 28,316 14,151 50 3,015 6,701 9,716 12,060 33,505 45,565 
3 17,156 7,472 44 1,684 11,505 13,189 6,736 57,525 64,261 
4 36,592 16,042 44 4,043 10,148 14,191 16,172 50,740 66,912 
5 27,955 12,361 44 1,725 9,790 11,515 6,900 48,950 55,850 
6 14,809 7,032 47 1,995 5,120 7,115 7,980 |. 25,600 33,580 
7 18,433 13,812 75 2,558 7,161 9,719 10,232 35,805 46,037 
8 21,117 13,563 64 1,421 28,283 29,704 5,684 141,415 147,099 
9 15,600 5,704 Bi 524 4,729 5,253 2,096 23,645 25,741 
10 6,122 2,915 48 185 3,936 4,121 740 19,680 20,420 
ial 9,011 3,336 37 533 2,985 3,518 2,132 14,925 17,057 
12 12,660 2,565 20 217 4,978 5,195 868 24,890 25,758 
13 2,840 344 12 518 524 24 2,590 2,614 
The County | 242,275 | 111,608 46 21,320 101,155 122,475 $85,280 $505,775 $591,055 
| 


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= AE 5 near suones ep 


MAP OF 
WICOMICO COUNTY 


FOREST AREAS 


BY 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
execuriys © OFFICER SYATE FORESTER 


SCALE: 
1 
187,500 


of Natural Scale 


FOREST SURVEY, 1908 


TYPES 


Culled Hardwood 


ic 


(Summum) Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
le (C) 
a: Saplings (Hs) 


Loblolly Pine (L) 
Cypress (C; 


Loblolly Pine Saplings (Ls) 


Mixed Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 
Mixed Hardwoods and Cypr 


58 
8 and Loblolly Pine (HeL) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 


2 


VVIOucceez= 
Sere Ds) 


IN BOARD F. 


EET 


5,000 — 10,000. 
3,000 — 5,000 
500 — 1,500 
o— 500 


= 15,000 — 25,000 


5,000 — 15,000 


a 


WORCESTER COUNTY. 


Worcester, the southernmost county of the State, is also the only 
one to front on the Atlantic Ocean. It is of irregular shape, generally 
long and narrow, with the Chincoteague, Sinepuxent and Assawoman 
Bays in the east, Delaware on the north, Wicomico County on the north- 
west, Somerset County on the west, and Virginia on the south. With 
its low, flat surface, all of it less than 50 feet above sea-level, mild, 
even climate and sandy soil, it is very much the opposite, topographic- 
ally and generally, from Garrett County at the State’s other extreme, 
where mountains, heavy forests of hardwood, and a rigorous climate 
prevail. Here the chief topographic features are the ocean front, out- 
lined by a sand bar which extends in an even line northeast and south- 
west, and behind this protecting bar a number of bays from which 
numerous, though short, tidal streams extend inland. The Pocomoke 
River, navigable for steamboats as far as the county seat, Snow Hill, 
forms the principal drainage system of the county, and at the same 
time is its chief means of water transportation. Local soils are for 
the most part sandy, with good sand loams in the more exhausted 
northern and central portions. 


THE ForESTS. 


Worcester has the greatest percentage of forest of any county on 
the Eastern Shore, 47 per cent of its total area in land being wooded, 
in spite of the fact that in different parts of the county, the northeast- 
ern section especially, large areas have been cleared of forest during 
the past 10 years. The principal species at present here, as in most 
of the Eastern Shore counties, is the loblolly pine. There are a few 
small areas of cypress along the Pocomoke and its tributaries, this 
county containing more eypress timber than any other in Maryland. 
The southwestern half of the county contains the greatest areas in 
pure pine stands, while in the northeastern section the pine is gen- 
erally in mixture with hardwoods. The stands of hardwood are for 
the most part small and scattered, usually occurring along the shores 
of streams. Principal among them are some of the oaks — white, 
swamp white, black, Spanish, and willow —red maple, red gum, and 
black gum. Hardwocds are of relatively minor importance, but the 
amount of standing pine timber is only exceeded in Dorchester Coun- 
ty, and the total stumpage in Dorchester and Garrett. 


131 


132 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


From the Survey of 1914 it is apparent that only 22 per cent of - 
the county’s woodlands are in mixed hardwood stands, 59 per cent be- 
ing in pine, and 19 per cent in mixtures of each. There are 15,869 
acres of hardwoods containing stands amounting to 5,000 or more 
board feet per acre, with 18,241 acres amounting to less; of the pine, 
there are 7,902 acres averaging over 5,000 feet, and 77,387 acres where 
the stands are less; while the mixed stands are all of less than 5,000. 
feet per acre, and comprise an area of 28,783 acres. 


USES OF THE FORESTS. 


Worcester County has a total of 51 large mill and timber oper- 
ators, and a cut of timber which ranks high among the county’s sources 
of employment and revenue. In 1914 it aggregated 3,525,700 cubic 
feet of wood, the value at shipping points being quoted at $467,191. 
Lumber was the most valuable product, with staves, in which this 
county leads, coming next, then piling, barrels, cordwood, mine props, 
poles, lath, shingles, railroad ties, and barrel headings. Railway lines 
totalling 57 miles, together with the exceptional water facilities, are 
an aid to the profitable conduct of the local timber business. The cut 
is important, and is reflected in the number of wood-using industries 
now in operation here. Berlin has two planing mills and yards, with 
a plant producing baskets and dishes; Pocomoke City, three yards and 
planing mills, and plants for manufacturing crates, baskets, barrels, 
box shooks, and boats; and Snow Hill, three yards, two planing mills, 
with planing mills at Girdletree and Stockton. Stockton and Girdle- 
tree also manufacture barrels; Whaleysville, crates and _ baskets; 
Showell, boxes and baskets. 

Worcester County’s forests do not suffer much from fires, the low 
elevation, to a certain degree, preventing this; they are adequate in 
area for the county’s present needs; and they are at present supply- 
ing most of the forest industries in operation here. It would seem 
that only more efficient management is needed to make the forests 
increasingly productive, the forest industries a continued source of 
benefit and value to this section. 


133 


WORCESTER COUNTY. 


WORCESTER COUNTY. 


SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 


Product. Amount. Unit Value. Total Value. 
Lumber: Hardwood ......... 3,835,000 Board Feet $18.00 per M $69,030 
Softwood -..:-..... 13,035,000 Board Feet 16.00 per M 208,560 
TrenibonGl WES soauooosc0c00G00 AUN) = | 50 each 2,250 
IP ANlim ora ete fez evevene eoesaesieaie see ares 410,000 Lineal Feet .10 per Foot 41,000 
Condwood!: Oaks seaeen sce oe 1,100 Cords 3.50 per Cord 3,850 
DAT Ge Seger eiahialt Sci 3,000 Cords 2.50 per Cord 7,500 
NGING, IENOI) b 654 e050 dosaeucee 4,460 Tons 2.25 per Ton 10,035 
Staves and Headings......... 14,820,000 Pieces 7.33+ per M 108,720 
WP OLESy este saycratensss 2, pets ea ese 3,000 3.00 each 9,000 
Shinolestoacm a eiseriite cic sok 795,000 4.25 per M 3,379 
JUAN » volete Eri BRNNG Ocean 1,190,000 3.25 per M 3,867 
1x COW, caoedddgoosce 3,525,700 Cubie Feet $467,191 
{ 
WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. Wooded. More Than Nine Inches in 
Dist. No. Area. Diameter. 
% Hardwood Pine Total Pere OGe Total 
Acres Acres. M Bd. Ft. | MBd. Ft. | M Bd. Ft. per M. per M. $ 
1 26,764 13,283 50 2,538 22,586 25,124 $10,152 $112,930 $123,082 
2 48,857 19,560 40 7,582 30,242 37,824 30,328 151,210 181,538 
3 41,845 14,578 35 8,153 22,478 30,631 32,612 112,390 145,002 
4 27,747 14,795 53 5,540 19,559 25,099 22,160 97,795 119,955 
5 24,204 7,467 31 3,733 10,409 14,142 14,932 52,045 66,977 
6 24,092 15,899 66 6,726 20,119 26,845 26,904 100,595 127,499 
7 45,631 31,274 69 14,212 49,739 63,951 56,848 248,695 305,543 
8 36,584 16,891 46 3,212 31,255 34,467 12,848 156,275 169,123. 
9 37,231 14,435 39 19,127 15,220 34,347 76,508 76,100 152,608 
The County | 312,955 | 148,182 47 70,823 221,607 292,430 $283,292 | $1,108,035 | $1,391,327 


134 TIMBER IN MARYLAND, By CouNTIES. 


WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER IN MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. 


| | Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
Total Wooded | Per Cent (Doyle Log Rule). All Trees ' Stumpage Value. 
Land Area. | Wooded. | More Than Nine Inches in 
County. Area. | Diameter. 
| % Hardwood Pine | Total ae ane | Total 
Acres. | Acres. | M Bd. Ft. | MBad. Ft. | MB@.Ft. | per M. seen, | $ 
s | = = | | 
Allegany ... | 266,363 163,832 62 | 105,369 | 42,073 | 147,442 $369,107} $208,292 | $577,399 
A, Arundel . 274,500 92,266 3 122,314 | 6,203 | 128,517 550,413 31,015 | 581,428 
Baltimore ..| 403,181 103,515 | 24 | 201,352 1,990) 209,343 1,006,760 39,955| 1,046,715 
Calyexti tii 139,332 62,390 45 | 70,886 | 7,752 78,638 283,546 31,006 | 314,552 
Caroline ... | 208.3501) 620884 a) | 31,277 61,862 93,139 125,108 309,350 434,458 
Carrollieee. 296,029 | 39,292 | 13 | 85,377 179 | 85,556 426,885 895 427,780 
Cecil sx aee 223,197 53,543 24 COBB) occcag 56.06 | 89,332 BIG || saonsgacos 357,328 
Charles .... 290,546 171,547 | 59 | 163,989 88,281 252,270 655,956 353,124 1,009,080 
Dorchester . 368,669 138,291 | 37 | 81,024 315,305 | 396,329 324,096 1,576,525 1,900,621 
Frederick .. 433,130 | 91,117 21 | 126,690 261 126,951 570,105 1,175 571,280 
Garretts iret 36,621 | 274,483 | 63 | 432,115 15,651 447,766 1,728,460 78,259 1,806,715 
artordisere 283,009 81,872 | 29 147,204 148 147,352 736,020 740 736,760 
Howard ... 159,442 | 38,644 25 99,218 | 110 99,328 496,090 550 496,640 
GING 6500000 179,872 33,776 | 19 49,860 159 50,019 249,300 795 | 250,095 
Montgomery | 302,881 68,821 22 130,340 | 7,513 | 137,853 651,700 37,565 | 689,265 
Pr. George’s| 306,872 127,200 4] 107,844 | 68,783 176,627 431,376 | 275,132 | 706,508 
Q. Amne’s».| 231,770 59,270) 26 | 65,559 | 14,541 80,100 295,015 | 72,705| 867,720 
St. Mary’s . 233,963 119,080 | 51 | 80,564 84,266 | 164,830 322,256 | 342,464 | 664,720 
Somerset os 273,180 68,387 25 19,358 | 154,741 174,099 77,432 | 706,305 | 783,737 
Talbot ..... 158,780 45,822 | 29 85,870 | 127,370 214,240 343,480 636,850 | 980,350 
Washington 305,122 72,274 | 24 | 113,062 2,078 | 115,140 452,248 9,351 461,599 
Weeoieo Pe 242 275 111,608 46 21,320 | 101,155 | 122,475 85,280 505,775 | 591,055 
Worcester .. 312,955 148,182 47 70,823 221,607 | 292,430 283,292 1,108,035 | . 1,391,327 
| 
| 
The State | 6,330,039 | 2,228,046 | 35 | 2,500,747 | 1,328,029 | 3,829,776 | $10,821,253 | $6,325,859 ST ees 


Tue Forests or MAaryLAND. 


135 


SUMMARY OF THE 1914 LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF 
MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. 


Mills and 
County. Operators. | Cut in Cubic Feet. Value. 

PAU cranny guns rey 8 ses Set acne 45 3,141,400 $440,754 
Ame ein@el saeoccacas seer 22 1,099,610 130,099 
BAM UAMMON eR yalaze sch esse es isenat sis) sconenore. 8 30 2,119,584 308,186 
Cals@ah < .k nae nen ee anne 20 1,448,475 202,597 
Wanolinememnr iy ta acseecsre ace Be 61 1,546,000 178,654 
Chiswill). < au Seti ieee oe ee | 25 991,960 118,800 
CEG” cues coe ee 24 716,780 96,893 
CRATES. so Hae ae Neen eae 30 5,838,080 484,866 
DOrchesters wrnaniis lem ccs: 37 | 2,231,160 352,405 
HEPC CELL Cho are py excisieistcie avonetsale ss 51 | 809,965 179,004 
Garratt meeys ceisa taverns me | 62 | 7,750,245 1,379,937 
PV AThOT es tess siarclevekerecsieusgteere x2 27 | 774,555 118,342 
WTO WAT dayeteravexcromne tapes: cromereee st « 12 099,455 64,696 
INGTON. 9.6 6 Pe Oe ees Cro eee 10 382,870 53,047 
MLoMNsOMIDA? SoaudccabcaKoedde 28 1,215,545 175,422 
eTINCOMGCOLIOYS) sie sis c/a 32 | 1,388,000 161,939 
een Animes) so tnooosepsocas 26 690,205 83,363 
SiMe: Sac haw aac 33 | 1,226,755 157,002 
omersctmeen ems eee 46 | 2,742,493 363,174 
ANMOOR: oc 5 Soe OME nee 38 1,274,994 137,212 
Waslnimaiom —« coacecennenensce 26 1,485,950 190,850 
War COMIC OPM onan oie cy st erate sus cia Sesh 64 3,949,470 592,318 
WGRCGSIOR cuba cheno soohaoes | 51 | 3,525,700 467,191 

MRE eStats aicd.evcis, creer si aus = 800 46,949,181 $6,436,751 


SUMMARY OF THE 1914 LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF MARY- 
LAND, WITH BY-PRODUCTS, IN ORDER OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE. 


Product. Amount. Value. 

Hardwood Lumber............ 129,105,500 Board Feet $2,325,127 
JPring IGA VESP soccoaoaccasaqcad 99,922,000 Board Feet 1,498,336 
PWM aOOCL 6 come n Sao Ore e eI 74,002 Cords 444 29 
Itguiliroeol WEES sodocosaesodauccs 925,392 440,685 
JEU? oo edo dase SOD e eRe 3,563,800 Lineal Feet 358,900 
CorchiOOdl. cao onsurded como sone 85,355 Cords 270,380 
IMAM EPP rOPSiewe ciate <sccee wens eee 109,217 Tons 261,451 
ERA NTS ais Keegy teysietes cisceresec cia ecene bs 34,360 Tons 253,510 
Staves and Headings.......... 30,389,019 Pieces 223,931 
ID OLES Grae ter ete ee oer) wicke.sisieuamie sieves 62,135 ~ 180,042 
Singlesmeenen tes shee Snr: 13,842,000 45,901 
TEEHTSY, “ceth 6c Ee Oe eee 14,837,000 45,282 
IMEMeu Mies Tepe sro slwcl tates cs 260,000 39,000 
BOBS Mr eC es) ok en 133,645 20,587 
IDP-GowIy IWDES Sagcegoooacsoaded 529,000 Board Feet 16,130 
Char coaee tartar -ireven< che sears eis 95,000 Bushels 9,500 
IRA COG cooeedaadon nao cRaee 440 Cords 3,960 

MhewStaterwer.c ascii wet aves 46,949,181 Cubic Feet $6,436,751 


"| 


t 
“s _ 


pn a ae ee ett 


MAP OF 


WORCESTER COUNTY 


SHOWING THE 
FOREST AREAS 
By 
COMMERCIAL TYPES 
PREPARED BY 
F. W. BESLEY 


MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 


WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 


1915 
SCALE: 


i 
1 Inch equals 3.Miles or 5-55 of Natural Seale 


FOREST SURVEY, 1914 


i f : 
/ 
Paleo 
\ 


Pegs 
ds. | 
ee Z 
& satiny, fron 
De a / 
ih 


SF] Loblolly Pine (L) 
A || Cypress (Cy) 
/ Loblolly Pine Saplings (Ls) 


Merchantable Hardwoods and Cyprest(MOy) 
|| Mixed Hardwoods and Loblolly Pine (CL) 


Ty] Merchantablo Hardwoods (M) 
|] Culled Hardwoods (C) 


I Mixed Hardwoods and Cypress (CCy) 


STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER 
ACRE IN BOARD FEET 


Mz - - = 8,000 — 12,000 
M2 == - 4,000— 8,000 
cy = - = 2,000— 4,000 
Cc? -- = 1,000— 2,000 
co}. 0— 1,000 
2 - - = 15,000 — 25,000 


tl - = + 5,000 = 15,000 


Crcys - = 500 = 1,500 


FOREST LAWS OF MARYLAND. 
GENERAL H'ORESTRY. 


Acts of 1906, chapter 294, ‘‘An Act to establish a State Board of For- 
estry and to promote forest interests and arboriculture in the 
State,’’ as amended in chapter 161, Acts 1910, and chapter 823, 
Acts of 1914. 


Section 1—Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That there shall be a State Board of Forestry, consisting of seven 
members, the Governor, Comptroller, President of Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, President of Maryland State Agricultural College, State Geo- 
logist, one citizen of the State known to be interested in the advance- 
ment of forestry, and one practical lumberman engaged in the manu- 
facture of lumber within this State; who shall be appointed by the 
Governor, to serve for a term of two years, which Board shall act 
without compensation, save for actual necessary expenses incurred in 
the performance of their official duties. 

Src. 2.—That there shall be appointed by the State Board of For- 
estry a State Forester, who shall be a technically trained forester of 
not less than two years’ experience in professional forestry work, his 
compensation shall be fixed by the Board and he shall be allowed 
reasonable traveling and field expenses incurred in the perform- 
ance of his official duties. He shall, under the general supervision of 
the State Board of Forestry, have direction of all forest interests and 
all matters pertaining to forestry and the forest reserves within the 
jurisdiction of the State. He shall appoint, subject to the approval and 
confirmation of the State Board of Forestry, such assistants and em- 
ployes as may be necessary in executing the duties of his office and the 
purpose of the Board of Forestry ; the compensation of such assistants 
and employes to be fixed by the State Board of Forestry. He shall have 
charge of all Forest Wardens in the State and aid and direct them 
in their work; take such action as is authorized by law to prevent and 
extinguish forest fires, enforce all laws pertaining to forest and wood- 
land, and prosecute for any violation of such laws; collect data rela- 
tive to forest destruction and conditions; direct the protection and im- 
provement of State parks and forest reserves and co-operate with land 
owners as described in Section 4 of this Act. He shall annually de- 


137 


138 THE Forests oF MARYLAND. 


liver a course of lectures at the Maryland State Agricultural College 
bearing upon forestry and silviculture, subject to the approval of the 
Trustees of the College and of the State Board of Forestry, and as 
far as his duties as State Forester will permit, carry on an educational 
course of lectures on Forestry at the Farmers’ Institutes and similiar 
meetings within the State. He shall act as Secretary of the State 
Board of Forestry and shall prepare for the Board annually a report 
on the progress and condition of State Forest work and recommend 
therein plans for improving the State system of forest protection, 
management and replacement. 

Sec. 3—That the State Board of Forestry shall have the power to 
purchase lands in the name of the State, suitable for forest culture 
and reserves, using for such purposes any special appropriation or 
any surplus money not otherwise appropriated, which may be stand- 
ine to the credit of the Forest Reserve Fund; and to make all rules 
and regulations governing State Reserves, and to employ such labor 
and do such work as they deem wise in developing and protecting 
State Reserves under their jurisdiction ; and that the Governor of the 
State is authorized upon the recommendation of said State Board of 
Forestry to accept gifts of land to the State, the same to be held, pro- 
tected and administered by the State Board of Forestry as State For- 
est Reserves, and to be used so as to demonstrate the practical utility 
of timber culture, water conservation and as a breeding place for game. 
Such gifts must be absolute except for the reservation of all mineral 
and mining rights over and under said lands, and a stipulation that 
they shall be administered as State Forest Reserves, and the Attorney- 
General of the State is directed to see that all deeds to the State of 
land mentioned above are properly executed before the gift is ac- 
cepted. 

Sec. 4.—That the State Forester shall, upon request, under the 
sanction of the State Board of Forestry, and whenever he deems it 
essential to the best interests of the people of the State, co-operate 
with counties, towns, corporations, and individuals, in preparing 
plans for the protection, management, and replacement of trees, wood- 
lots, and timber tracts under an agreement that the parties obtaining 
such assistance pay at least the field expenses of the men employed in 
preparing said plans. 

Sec. 5.—That whenever the State Forester considers it necessary 
he may apply to the Governor te commission such persons as he may 
designate to act as Forest Wardens of this State to enforce the forest 
laws and to carry out all the purposes of this Act and any work that 
may be assigned to them by the State Forester. If the Governor ap- 
proves such persons he may appoint them Forest Wardens for a term 


GENERAL H'ORESTRY. 139 


of two years, but they shall be subject to removal at any time at the 
pleasure of the Governor. Such Wardens shall receive such compen- 
sation for their services as shall be fixed by the State Board of For- 
estry. Forest Wardens thus appointed shall, before entering upon 
the duties of their offices, take the proper official oath before the Clerk 
of the Court of the County in which they reside, after which they shall 
while holding said office, possess and exercise all the authority and power 
held and exercised by constables at common law under the statutes of 
this State, so far as arresting and prosecuting persons for all viola- 
tions of any of the forest laws or the laws, rules and regulations en- 
acted or to be enacted for the protection of the State forestry reser- 
vations, or for the protection of the fish and game contained therein 
are concerned. 

Sec. 6.—That it shall be the duty of the Forest Wardens to enforce 
all forest laws of this State, to protect the State Forest Reserves and see 
that all rules, regulations and laws are enforced; to report any viola- 
tion of law to the State Forester at the time of its occurrence, to assist 
in apprehending and convicting offenders, and to make an annual 
report to him as to forest conditions in their immediate neighbor- 
hood. When any Forest Warden shall see or have reported to him 
a forest fire, it shall be his duty to immediately repair to the seat of 
the fire and employ such persons and means as in his judgment seem 
expedient and necessary to extinguish said fire. He shall keep an 
itemized account of all expenses thus incurred and send such account 
immediately to the State Forester. He shall have control and direction 
of all persons and apparatus engaged in extinguishing forest fires. 
He may summon male inhabitants of the county between the ages of 
18 and 50 years to assist in extinguishing fires, and may also require 
the use of horses and cther property needed for such purpose. Any 
_person so summoned who is physically able, who refuses or neglects to 
assist, or to allow the use of horses, wagon or other material required, 
shall be liable to a penalty of ten dollars. No action for trespass shall 
lie against a Forest Warden, or anyone working under his direction, 
for entering lands of individuals or corporations for the purpose of 
extinguishing a fire, plowing furrows, or tearing down fences, or start- 
ing a backfire to check a fire that may be approaching. 

Sec. 7.—That the expenses incurred in fighting or extinguishing 
any fire under the direction of the State Forester, or a Forest Ward- 
en, Shall be borne half by the county in which the fire occurred and 
half by the State, and shall first be payable in full by the County Com- 
missioners of such county upon the receipt of an itemized account, with 
vouchers approved by the State Forester; the half to be paid by the 
State shall be refunded by the order of the State Board of Forestry 


140 THe Forests oF MARYLAND. 


out of any moneys standing to the credit of the Forest Reserve Fund, 
upon presentation of the accounts, together with evidence that the 
‘County Commissioners have paid the sum in full. Nothing in this 
Act shall be so construed as to relieve the owner or lessee of lands 
upon which fires may burn, or be started, from the duty of extin- 
guishing such fires so far as may le within his power. No such owner 
or lessee, nor person in the employ of such owner or lessee, shall re- 
ceive any compensation from the State, or from the county, for fight- 
ing fires upon the lands of such owner or lessee. 

Src. 8—That the Boards of County Commissioners of the several 
counties of this State are hereby authorized to levy and appropriate 
money for purposes of tree planting and care of trees, and for forest 
protection, improvement, management and purchase. 

Sec. 9.—That the State Forester shall furnish notices, printed in 
large letters upon cloth, calling attention to the dangers of forest fires, 
and to forest fire and trespass laws and their penalties; such notices 
shall be distributed by the State Forester to Forest Wardens and 
posted by them in conspicuous places upon the State forest reserves 
and along the highways in forest-covered country. It shall be unlaw- 
ful for any person to tear down or deface any forest fire warning 
notice. Any violation of the law shall be punishable by a fine of ten 
dollars for each and every offense. It shall be the duty of any person 
who discoyers a forest or brush fire not under the control or supervi- 
sion of some person to extinguish it or to report it immediately to the 
local Forest Warden, and failure to do so shall be punishable by a fine 
not to exceed ten dollars, to be recovered upon complaint of the Forest 
Warden. . 

Sec. 10.—That every individual or corporation that carelessly, 
negligently, wilfully, maliciously, or with intent sets on fire, or causes 
or procures to be set on fire any woods, brush, grass, grain or stubble 
on lands not their own, shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and upon con- 
viction be punishable by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $1,- 
000 or imprisonment for not less than thirty days or more than one 
year, or both such fine and imprisonment. 

Sec. 11.—That it shall be unlawful for any person or corporation 
as land owner to set, or procure another to set fire to any woods, brush, 
logs, leaves, grass or clearing upon their own land, unless they shall 
- have previously taken all possible care and precaution against the 
spread of such fire to other lands not their own, by previously having 
cut and piled the same, or carefully cleared around the land which is 
to be burned, so as to prevent the spread of such fire. The setting of 
fire contrary to the provisions of this Section, or allowing it to escape 
to the injury of adjoining lands shall be prima facie proof of wilful- 


GENERAL FORESTRY. 141 


ness, or neglect, and the land owner from whose land the fire origi- 
nated shall be liable in a civil action for damages for the injury result- 
ing from such fire, and also for the cost of fighting and extinguishing 
the same. 

Sec. 12.—That logging and railroad locomotives, donkey and 
threshing engines and other engines and boilers operated in, through 
or near forest. or brush, which do not burn oil as fuel, shall be pro- 
vided with appliances to prevent the escape of fire and sparks from 
the smoke-stacks thereof, and with devices to prevent the escape of fire 
from ash pans and fire-boxes. Failure to comply with these require- 
ments shall be a misdeamor, punishable upon conviction by a fine of 
not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each and every offense thus 
committed. 

Sec. 13.—That all individuals or corporations causing fires by vio- 
lations of Sections 10, 11 and 12 of this Act shall be liable to the State, 
and to the county in which the fire occurred, in an action for debt to 
the full amount of all expenses incurred by the State or county in 
fighting and extinguishing such fire. 

Sec. 14.—That Justices of the Peace for this State in the county 
wherein the offense shall have been committed shall have jurisdiction 
to hear and determine all prosecutions for the purpose of enforcing 
fines and penalties collectible under the provisions of this Act, not ex- 
ceeding the amount of $100, and of holding the offenders under prop- 
er bail if necessary, for hearing before the Cireuit Court, commiting 
them to the county jail until such hearing, if the required bail is not 
furnished. It shall be the duty of the State’s Attorney of the several 
counties to prosecute all violators of Section 10 of this Act. 

Sec. 15.—That all money received as penalties for violations of the 
provisions of this Act, less the cost of collection, and not otherwise 
provided for, together with any amount obtained from the State For- 
est Reserves, shall be paid into the State Treasury to the credit of the 
Forest Reserve Fund, which fund is hereby created, and the moneys 
in said fund are hereby appropriated for purposes of forest protec- 
tion, management, replacement and extension, under the direction of 
the State Board of Forestry. 

Sec. 16.—That the State Board of Forestry shall have the right 
and power to condemn lands, earth, gravel, stone, timber or materials, 
or any improvements in the name of the State, under Article 33-A, 
title “‘Eminent Domain”’ of the Code of Public General Laws of 
Maryland as passed in Chapter 117 of the Acts of 1912 when such 
action is necessary for carrying out the purposes of any Legislative 
Act, or for advancing the aims of forestry, and the work of the State 
Board of Forestry, and they may pay all costs and expenses thus in- 


142 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


curred out of any surplus moneys standing to the'credit of the Forest 
Reserve Fund, not otherwise appropriated; nothing herein contained 
shall apply to the City of Baltimore. 

Sec. 17.—That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the pro- 
visions of this Act are hereby repealed. 


RoapsipE TREE Law. 


Acts of 1914, Chapter 824, ‘‘An Act conferring power upon the State 
Board of Forestry to plant trees along the roadsides, to protect 
roadside trees, to establish one or more nurseries for their pro- 
pagation, to prohibit the unauthorized placing of advertise- 
ments and other notices on the public highways or the property 
of other persons, and to provide a penalty for the violation 
thereof,’’ as amended in Chapter 548, Acts of 1916. 


SECTION 1.—The State Board of Forestry shall, in addition to the 
powers heretofore granted it, have the power to plant trees along the 
roadsides, to make all rules and regulations governing their planting, 
to care for and protect all roadside trees of this State, and to establish 
one or more State Forest Nurseries for the propagation of trees for 
such roadside planting. 


Sec. 2.—Roadside trees as designated in this Act shall mean all 
trees planted by the Forest Wardens, or existing trees three inches or 
more in diameter, measured two feet from the ground, that may be 
growing within the right-of-way of any public road or between the 
curb lines and property lines of any street in an incorporated town in 
this State. 

Sec. 3.—When the County Commissioners or the Road Supervisors 
of any county of this State, the State Roads Commission, the Town 
Council of any city or incorporated town, or any organization or per- 
son, shall apply to the State Forester for the planting of trees or for 
the care and protection of existing trees along a public road or street, 
and the State Forester deems an examination necessary, he shall in- 
struct the local Forest Warden to examine the situation where plant- 
ing, care or protection of trees is desired and to report the conditions 
with his recommendations to the State Forester. If, in the judgment 
of the State Forester, the planting of trees or the care or protection of 
existing trees 1s advisable, he shall submit a plan covering the required 
operations with his recommendations and an estimate of the cost of 
the work to the organization or persons from which the application 
originated. 


ee 


RoavpsipE TREE Law. 143 


Sec. 4.—No plan of planting or care of roadside trees shall become 
operative under this Section until such plan has been approved by the 
organization or person making the application and not until the said 
organization or person shall guarantee to the State Forester the cost 
of the work, in which the said organization or person may stipulate a 
maximum amcunt that it or he will guarantee. Upon proper assur- 
ance that such a guarantee has been given, and the planting of trees is 
desired, the State Forester shall furnish to the local Forest Warden 
the trees for planting from any available stock in a State Forest Nur- 
sery or elsewhere. If the planting of trees is nct required, but it is 
desired to trim, spray or otherwise care for existing trees along the 
portion of the roadside or street for which a plan has been approved 
by the State Forester and accepted by such organization or person, 
the Forest Warden shall proceed with the work in accordance with 
such plans, at such time and in such manner as in his judgment will 
be most practicable, but in executing such plans he shall work under 
the direction of the State Forester. When there exists an officer in 
any city or incorporated town who has been appointed for the specific 
purpose of planting and caring for trees along the roads or streets, he 
shall be eligible for appomtment as Forest Warden in carrying out 
the provisions of this Act. 

Sec. 5.—The State Forester may, in his discretion, without being 
requested as provided in Section 3 hereof, or guaranteed as provided 
in Section 4 hereof, plant, care for and protect roadside trees and pay 
for such work out of any wnexpended balance of the amount hereby 
appropriated or hereafter appropriated for the purpose of this Act; 
provided, however, that no trees shall be planted under the provisions 
of the foregoing sections without the consent and approval of the 
owner of the land on which they are planted. 

Sec. 6.—It shall be the duty of the Forest Wardens and others 
- having police powers in this State, in addition to the duties heretofore 
imposed, to enforce all laws now enacted or that may be enacted for the 
care and protection of roadside trees, and, while holding said office, 
they shall possess and exercise the power to arrest, without warrant 
anyone detected by them in the act of violating any law for the pro- 
tection of roadside trees, and take such persons before a peace officer 
having jurisdiction. 

Sec. 7.—For his services in making examinations as provided in 
Section 3 of this Act, the Forest Warden shall be paid by the State 
Board of Forestry upon presentation of his accounts with vouchers, 
approved by the State Forester, and for services in planting roadside 
trees, trimming, spraying, or otherwise caring for existing roadside 
trees as provided in Section 4 of this Act, the Forest Warden and the 


144 Tue Forests or MARYLAND. 


helpers he may be authorized to employ shall be paid by the organiza- 
tion or person guaranteeing the cost of the work upon presentation of 
the Forest Warden’s accounts with vouchers, approved by the State 
Forester and for his services in examining conditions when permits 
are applied for under Section 8 of this Act issuing permits, and super- 
vising the work authorized by such permits, he shall be paid by the 
person or corporation applying for this permit. The rates to be paid 
under this Section shall be determined by the State Board of For- 
estry. 

Sec. 8.—Any person or persons who may desire to cut down or 
trim any roadside tree shall make application to the State Board of 
Forestry for a permit, except in the two following cases: (1) That 
where trees are uprooted or branches of trees broken in such manner 
that they shall come in contact with telephone, .telegraph, electric light 
or other wires carrying electric current, or where such trees or 
branches shall endanger persons or property, such trees or branches of 
trees as the case may be, may be removed in such an emergeney with- 
out first obtaining a permit from the State Board of Forestry, and (2) 
that trees standing within the right-of-way of unimproved public roads 
which have not been surfaced with either stone, shell, gravel, concrete, 
brick, asphalt or other improved surface may be cut down and re- 
moved by the abutting land owner for his own use without first ob- 
taining a permit. 

Any person or persons who shall eut down, trim, mutilate or in 
any manner injure any roadside tree, except as provided for in this 
section, without a permit from the State Board of Forestry or its duly 
authorized representative, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction shall be punishable by a fine of not less than five dollars or 
more than fifty dollars for each offense, which fine shall be payable to 
the State Board of Forestry for the purposes described in this Act. 


Src. 9.—Any person who in any manner paints, puts or affixes any 
advertisement, sign, notice or other written or printed matter, other 
than notices posted in pursuance of law, on or to any stone, tree, 
fence, stump, pole, building or other structure which is in or upon a 
public highway, or which is on the property of another, without first 
obtaining the written consent of such owner thereof, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punishable by a fine 
of not more than ten dollars, which fine shall be payable to the State 
Board of Forestry for the purposes described in this Act. 

Sec. 10.—Any tree grown in the State Nurseries not required for 
roadside planting may be used for planting on the State Forest Re- 
serve or may be furnished to any land owner of this State at not less 


PATAPSCO RESERVE. 145 


than the cost of production; provided such trees shall be planted ac- 
cording to plans approved by the State Forester. 

Src. 11.—That all Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the pro- 
visions of this Act are hereby repealed. 


Parapsco RESERVE. 


Acts of 1912, Chapter 749, as amended in Chapter 209, Acts of 1914, 
‘“‘An Act to empower the State Board of Forestry to purchase lands 
on the watershed of the Patapsco River for a State Forest Reserve.”’ 


Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That the State Board of Forestry in addition to the powers heretofore 
granted it is empowered to purchase lands on the watershed of the 
Patapsco River for a State Forest Reserve at such prices as they may 
determine it to be worth, within the appropriation hereunder made, 
the same to be paid for out of the funds appropriated by this Act, to 
be held by the State as a State Forest Reserve, under the protection 
and administration of the State Board of Forestry, which shall exer- 
cise the same power in the matter of making rules and regulations in 
the management thereof as other State Forest Reserves are now subject 
to or may hereafter be subjected to. The territory which may be ac- 
quired hereunder shall be subject to all the general laws heretofore 
passed by the Legislature of the State not inconsistent herewith, but 
acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 2. And be it enacted, That this Act shall take effect from the 
date of its passage. 

(The sum of $50,000 was appropriated for the purposes described 
in Section 1.) 


INDEX. 


Adamstown—81. 

Africa—32. 

Aireys—77. 

Alabama—32. 

Alberton—38. 

Allegany County—9, 21, 24, 27, 28, 33, 41, 
42-46, 71, 123, 134, 135. 

Allegany County, lumber 
cut—46. 

Annapolis—48. 

Annapolis Short Line Railroad—s5. 

Anne Arundel County—9, 21, 24, 25, 30, 41, 
47-50, 134, 135. 

Anne Arundel County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut—50. 

Annemessex River—115. 

Area of Maryland—11, 34. 

Arkansas—32. 

Arlington—S82. 

Ash, white—44, 51, 56, 123, 124. 

Assawoman Bay—131. 

Atlantic Ocean—131. 

Australia—32. 

Automobiles—31. 

Avalon—38. 


and timber 


Back River—51l. 

Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Rail- 
way—35. 

Baltimore (City)—28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37-39, 
48, 51, 52, 92, 128. 

Baltimore County—9, 21, 24, 32, 33, 35, 
37-39, 41, 51-54, 124, 134, 135. 

Baltimore County, lumber and timber 
cut—d4, 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad—35, 38, 87. 

Bark, tan—27, 135. 

Baskets—31. 

Basswood—44, 84. 

Beech—44, 48, 71, 84. 

Bel Air—89. 

Benedict—72. 

Berlin—132. 

Berwyn—104, 105. 


Birch, black—44. 

Birch, river—71, 104. 

Birch, yellow—10. 

Bittinger—29. 

Blue Ridge, the—11, 79, 123, 125. 
Board of Forestry—9, 31, 34, 36, 38-40. 
Boonsboro—124. 

Boxes, cigar—8l. 

Boxes, packing—31. 

Boxwood, Turkish—31. 
Brazil—32. 

Brooklyn, Md.—48. 
Brunswick—81. 
Buckeystown—29, 80. 

Buck Lodge—99. 
Burkittsville—8&1. 

Bush River—30. 

Buyer, the timber—9. 


California—32. ; 

Calvert County—21, 24, 25, 41, 55-58, 71, 
134, 135. 

Calvert County, lumber and timber cut—-58. 

Cambridge—35, 76, 77. 

Canada—32. 

Canes—31. 

Capitol Heights—104. 

Cardiff—89. 

Caroline County—21, 24, 41, 59-61, 134, 135. 

Caroline County, lumber and timber cut—-61. 

Carriages—31. 

Carroll County—21, 24, 41, 63-65, 134, 135. 

Carroll County, lumber and timber cut—65. 

Catoctin Furnace—30, 80. 

Catonsville—29. 

Cavetown—124. 

Cecil County—21, 24, 30, 41, 67-69, 134, 135. 

Cecil County, lumber and timber cut—69. 

Cedar, red—28. 

Cedar, white—10, 28. 

Centreville—108. 

Central Maryland—10, 11, 15, 21, 25, 27, 
28, 35, 107. 

Ceylon—32. 


147 


148 INDEX. 


Charcoal—29, 30, 35, 135. 

Charles County—21, 24, 25, 30, 41, 71-73, 
128, 134, 135. 

Charles County, lumber and timber cut—73. 

Chesapeake Bay—11, 26, 34, 47, 55, 67, 68, 
oy, Si, Os, Oey, Or, anh alley 1HlG), 1240), 
128. 

Chesapeake Beach Railway 

Chesapeake City—68. 

Chesapeake & Delaware Canal—34. 

' Chesapeake & Ohio Canal—a5. 

Chester—108. 

Chester River—107. 

Chestertown—96. 

Chestnut—19, 26-28, 31, 44, 48, 51, 56, 63, 
68, 71, 80, 84, 88, 89, 91, 96, 99, 107, 
112, 123, 124. 

Chestnut Blight—19, 20, 28, 51, 63, 88, 99. 

Chestnut Borer, two-lined—18, 19. 

China—19. 

Chincoteague Bay—34, 131. 

Choptank River—59, 60, 75, 119. 

Church Hill—108. 

Clarksburg—99. 

Clear Spring—124. 

Coastal Plain—10, 47, 51, 67, 68, 71, 87, 88, 
91, 99, 103, 115. 

College Park—36. 

Colora—68. 

Connecticut—32. 

Conowingo—68. 

Co-operative Areas, on State Reserves—»’. 

Cooperage materials—27, 28, 31. 

Cordwood—26, 35, 135. 

Crates—31. 

Crellin—85. 

Crisfield—117. 

Crownsville—29. 

Cucumber—S84. 

Culled stands—42. 

Cumberland—35, 42, 44. 

Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad—35. 

Cumberland Valley Railroad—35. 

Curtis Bay—49. 

Cut, average annual—33. 

Cypress—10, 28, 127, 151. 


35. 


Delaware—32, 67, 107, 127, 131. 

Denton—59, 60. 

Diseases, tree—14, 18-20. 

Dogwood—31. 

Dorchester County—21, 24, 28, 41, 75-78, 
WN, W27. Wie W345 135: 


Dorchester County, lumber and timber 
cut—78. 

Dublin—87. 

Dulaney Valley—51. 


Kast Brooklyn—49. 

Eastern Shore Maryland—11, 15, 21, 25, 26, 
34, 35, 59, 75, 95, 107, 115, 119, 127, 
295 131. 

East New Market—76, 77. 

Haston—35, 120. 

Elk Neck—67. 

Elkridge—29, 92. 

Elkton—68. 

Ellersliie—44. 

Ellicott City—92. 

Elm, white—56, 123, 124. 

Emmitsburg—S81. 

Emmitsburg Railroad—35.° 

Employes, wood-using industries—31. 

Europe—29. 

Evergreen—52. 

Export logs—28, 29, 135. 


Fallston—89. 

Federalsburg—60. 

Fires, forest—12, 14-17. 

First Settlers—11, 12. 

Florida—32. 

Forest destruction—12. 

Forest Laws of Maryland—137-145. 
Forest Lookouts—16, 38. 

Forest Nursery—36, 37. 

Forest Patrolmen—16, 85. 

Forest Planting—36-38, 85. 

Forest Reserves—37-39. — 

Forests of Maryland, original—12. 
Forest Survey, State—9, 42. 
Forest Wardens—15, 16, 37, 52, 85. 


Forestry, General Laws on—137-142. 


France—32. 

Frederick (City)—29, 35, 39, 40, 81. 

Frederick County—9, 21, 24, 28, 41, 79-82, 
123, 134, 135. 

Frederick County, lumber and timber 
cut—82. 

Friendsville—85. 

Frostburg—44. 

Fungous diseases—19, 20. 

Furniture—31. 


Gaithersburg—100. 


Garrett County—9, 17, 21, 24, 27-29, 33, 37, 
38, 41, 44, 71, 83-86, 117, 128, 131, 134, 
135. 

Garrett County, lumber and timber cut—86. 

Garrett, John W.—37. 

Garrett, Robert—37. 


George’s Creek & Cumberland Rail- 
road—35. 

Georgetown, Md.—68. 

Georgia—32. 


Girdletree—132. 

Girdling trees—12. 

Glenn, John M.—38. 

Glenn, Wm. L.—38. 

Goldsboro—59, 60. 

Grantsville—29. 

Grazing—14, 17, 18. 

Greensboro—60. 

Green Spring Furnace—30. 

Green Spring Valley—51. 

Gum, black—48, 56, 59, 68, 71, 75, 88 
104, 107, 116, 119, 128, 131. 

Gum, red—10, 25, 31, 48, 56, 59, 68, 71, 
75-77, 88, 95, 107, 111, 116, 119, 131. 

Gunpowder River—51, 87. 


95, 


2 


Hagerstown—238, 32, 33, 35, 124, 125. 
Hagerstown & Frederick Railway—35. 
Halethorpe—29. 

Hampstead—64. 

Haneock—11, 124, 125. 

Hardwood, cut of —25, 135. 

Hardwood and pine in State—41. 
Hardwoods, mixed, in State—41, 134. 
Harford County—21, 24, 30, 41, 67, 87-90, 


134, 135. 

Harford County, lumber and_ timber 
“eut—90. 

Harford Furnace—30. 

Harold—117. 


Havre de Grace—89. 

Headings—27, 135. 

Hebron—128. 

Hemlock—25, 27, 44, 84. 

Hickory—44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 68, 71, 80, 88, 
91, 99, 104, 107, 119, 124. 

Highways—35. 

Hollofield—38. 

Honduras—32. 

Howard County—21, 24, 28, 37-39, 41, 91-93, 
134, 135. 
Howard County, 
eut—93. 


lumber and _ timber 


INDEX. 


149 


Hoyes Run—29. 
Hurlock—76, 77. 
Hyattsville—104. 


Idaho—32. 

Illinois—32. 

Improved farm land of State—11, 24. 

Increment, average annual, per acre in 
State’s forests—33. 

India—32. 

Indiana—32. 

Indies, East—32. 

Indies, West—32. 

Injudicious cutting—14. 

Insect injuries—18, 19. 

Interior finish—31. 


Jennings Bros.’ Railway—35. 


Keedysville—124. 

Kent County—9, 21, 24, 41, 95-98, 134, 135. 
Kent County, lumber and timber cut—93. 
Kent Island—107. 

Kentucky—32. 

Keymar—64. 

Kindness Reserve—37. 


Land area of State—11, 24. 
Lansdowne—29. 
Lapidum—89. 

Lath—28, 35, 135. 
Lauraville—52. 

Laurel—29, 104. 
Leonardtown—112. 
Leslie—67, 68. 

Linwood—64. 

Little Gunpowder River—51. 
Loch Raven—39. 

Locust, black—18, 19, 28, 29, 31, 96, 124. 
Locust Borer—18. 

Locust Leaf Miner—18, 19. 
Lonaconing—44. 

Long Green Valley—51. 
Louisiana—32. 

Luke—44. 

Lumber—25, 31, 35, 135. 
Lumbering—12, 13. 


Magothy River—47. 

Maine—32. 

Manokin River—115. 

Maple, red—48, 56, 59, 71, 75, 88, 95, 104, 
107, 116, 119, 128, 131. 


150 INDEX. 


Maple, sugar—i0, 29, 30, 44, 84, 124. 

Marion Station—117. 

Markets—35, 36. 

Marumsco River—115. 

Maryland, Delaware & Virginia Rail- 
way—ao. 

Maryland, description ef—10, 11. 

Maryland, 1914 lumber and timber pro- 
duction, by counties—135. 
By products—i35. 

Maryland & Pennsylvania Railroad—35. 

Massachusetts—32. 


Maugansville—124. 

Men employed in wood-using  indus- 
tmies—31. 

Merchantable stands—42. 

Mexico—s2. 


NGichigan—3s2. 

Middle River—d1. 

Midland—44. 

Wiles River—i119. 

Mannesota—s32. 

Mississippi—3z2. 

Missouri—32. 

Monocacy River—79. 

Monongahela River—&3. 

Monigomery Couniy—21, 24, 28, 41, 99-102, 


134, 135. 
Montgomery County, lumber and timber 
eni—i02. 


Motters—80. 

Mountain Lake Park—8&5. 
Mit. Savage—44. 

Mouirkirk Fornace—30. 
Municipal Forests—39, 40. 
Nousical insirumenis—31. 


Nanticoke River—75, 127. - 

New Hampshire—32. 

New Jersey—32. 

New Windsor—é6é. 

New York (City)—35, 48. 

New York (State)—32. 

New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Rail- 
road—si. 

Norfolk & Western—35. 

Norris, Richard C—=38. 

Norris, Rollin—38. 

North Carolina—32. 

North East—68. 

Northern Central Railroad—325. 


Oak, black—44, 51, 68, 71, 80, 88, 99, 100, 
104, 107, 112, 123, 124, 131. 

Oak, chestnut—27, 44, 80, 84, 88, 95, 104, 
123, 124. 

Oak, pin—26, 59, 68, 71, 75, 88, 95, 99, 100, . 
104, 107, 112. 

Oak, post—104. 

Oak, red—26, 29, 44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 71, 80, 
88, 100, 107, 123, 124. 

Oak, scarlet—51, 71, 80, 84, 100, 104, 112, 
123. 

Oak, Spanish—68, 71, 76, 88, 96, 99, 100, 
104, 107, 112, 131. 

Oak, swamp white—68, 71, 131. 

Oak, water—59. 

Oak, white—26, 28, 29, 31, 44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 
68, 71, 80, 84, 88, 99, 104, 107, 112, 116, 
123, 124, 131. 

Oak, willow—59, 68, 71, 
112, 131. 

Ohio—32. 

OKlahoma—s2. 

Oregon—32. 

Owner, forest—9, 34. 

Oxford—i20. 


75, 76, 95, 104, 107, 


Parsonsburg—127. 

Patapsco Reserve—37-39. 

Patapseo Reserve, law creating—145. 

Patapsco River—38, 39, 51, 91. 

Patuxent River—47, 55, 71, 72, 91, 103, 111. 

Pennsylvania—32, 33, 42, 51, 67, 79, 83, 87, 
123. 

Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Washington 
Railroad—35. 

Pennsylvania Railroad—35, 67. 

Periderminm—20. 

Perryman—S89. 

Perryville—67. 

Philadelphia—35, 48. 

Philippines—32. : 

Piedmont Plateau—10, 17, 47, 51, 63, 67, 
68, 87, 91, 99. 

Piling—26, 135. 

Pine Bark Beetle—18. 

Pine, cut of, in State—25, 135. 

Pine, loblolly—10, 26, 31, 56, 59, 75-77, 95, 
107, 112, 116, 119, 127, 131. 

Pine, longleai—31. 

Pine, pitch—31, 44, 48, 104. 

Pine, scrub—20, 25, 26, 44, 48, 51, 56, 59, 68, 
71, 72, 91, 104, 112, 123, 127. 

Pine, stand of, in State—41, 134. 


Pine, table mountain—+44. 

Pine, white—10, 28, 44, 84. 

Pinwood—29, 135. 

Pittsville—128. 

Plantations, forest, in Maryland—36, 37. 

Pocomoke City—35, 72, 132. 

Pocomoke River—103, 111, 115, 131. 

Point Lookout—38, 111. 

Poles—28, 31, 135. 

Poplar, tulip—25, 28, 29, 48, 51, 56, 63, 68, 
71, 80, 88, 91, 99, 100, 104, 112, 123. 

Port Deposit—68. 

Posts—28, 31, 135. 

Potomac River—28, 34, 35, 42, 43, 71, 79, 
83, 99, 103, 125. 

Powellsville—128. 

Preston—60. 

Prince George’s County—9, 21, 24, 25, 30, 
41, 71, 99, 103-106, 134, 135. 

Prince George’s County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut—106. 

Princess Anne—117. 

Principio Furnace—30, 67. 

Props, mine—26, 27, 135. 

Pulpwood—25, 26, 31, 135. 


Quantico Creek—127. 

Queen Anne—108. 

Queen Anne’s County—21, 24, 41, 107-109, 
134, 135. 

Queen Anne’s County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut—109. 


Railroads—35. 

Rattan—31. 
Refrigerators—31. 

Relay—38. 

Resources, forest, of Maryland—10. 
Bhodesdale—77. 

Richmond, Va.—35. 
Ridgely—s9, 60. 

Rising Sun—€8. 
Riverdale—104. 

Roadside Tree Law—142-145. 
Rock Hall—96. 

Rocks—30, 87, 88. 
Rockville—99, 100. 
Rosedale—29. 

Russia—32. 


St. Mary’s County—21, 24, 25, 41, 111-113, 
134, 135. 


INDEX. 15L 


St. Mary’s County, lumber and timber 
eut—113. 

St. Mary’s River—111. 

St. Michael’s—120. 

Salisbury—32, 33, 35, 128, 129. 

Salé marsh lands in State—1il, 24, 36, 75, 
115, 116, 127. 

San Domingo—32. 

Sapling stands—42. 

Sash, doors, blinds—31. 

Sassafras River—95. 

Savage River—83. 

Sawmills: the first—13; 
eireular—13; steam—13; 
portable—25, 28. 

Settlements, first, in Maryland—1i11 

Severn River—47. 

Sharpsburg—124. 

Sharptown—128. 

Shingles—13, 28, 31, 135. 

Shipbuilding—31 

Showell—132. 

Sinepuxent Bay—i31. 

Sirup, maple—29, 30. 

Skipnish Reserve—37, 33. 

Snow Hill—131, 132. 

Somerset County—21, 24, 34, 
127, 131, 134, 135. 

Somerset County, lumber and timber 
eut—118. 

South Carolina—32. 

Southern Maryland—1i, 15, 19, 21, 25, 27, 
28, 47, 55, T1, 111. 

South River—47. 

Spruce—10. 

State College of Agriculture—36. 

State Forester—16. 

State Highways—35. 

Staves—27, 28, 135. 

Stockton—132. 

Stumpage values, early—i2, 13. 

Sudlersyille—108. 

Sugar, maple—29, 30. 

Susquehanna River—67, 87. 

Swallow Falls Reserve—a7. 

Sycamore—s6. 

Sykesville—6+. 


up-and-down—13; 


water—13 ; 


43, 115-118, 


Talbot County—21, 
135. 

Talbot County, 
eut—121 

Taneytown—64. 


24, 41, 119-121, 134, 


lumber and timber 


152 INDEX. 


Timber, standmg, in State—33, 41, 134 
Towson—52. 

Transportation im State—34, 35. 
Trappe—120. 

- Tred Avon River—119. 2 

Trees, native Torest—20-23. 

Tuckahoe River—107. 


Umbrellas—3i_ 

Union Briidge—64. 
Upper Falls—52. 
Upper Mariboro—i04 


Users, wood—or manufaciurers—9, 30-34 
Vargimia—32, 34, 131 

Wagons—si_ 

Walkersville—81. 

Walnni, black—28, 29, 51, 124. 


Wanzo—i28. 
Washington (CGity)—34, 35, 92, 100. 
Washington (State)—32. 
Washington, Baltimore 
Railway—35. 
Washingion County—9, 21, 24, 27, 29, 32, 
, 41, 42, 123-126, 134, 135. 
Washington County, lumber and timber 


& Annapolis 


eut—126. 
Washington Grove—100. 
Washingion, Potomac & Chesapeake 


Railroad—35. 


Waste lands in State—i1, 24, 36, 115_ 

Waste wood in lumbering—i4 

Waiter area of State—11, 34. 

Waterways of State—34, 35. 

Weeks’ Law—1i6. 

Western Maryland—21, 25-28, 33, 35, 79,° 
83. 

Western Maryland Railroad—35, 85. 

Westminster—63, 64. 

Westover—117. 

West Virginia—32, 33, 38, 44, 83, 123. 

Whaleysville—132. 

Wicomico County—21, 24, 28, 32, 33, 41, 
117, 127-130, 131, 134, 135. 

Wicomico County, lumber and timber 
eut—i30. 

Wicomico River—115, 127. 

Willards—128. 

Willamsburg—77. 

Williamsport—124. = 

Wailliston—77. 

Willow—56, 104. 

Willow, basket—29-31, 36. 

Willow gardens, location—29. 

Wilmington—35. 

Wisconsin—32. 

Woodbine—64 

Woodland, in State—ii, 24, 41. 

Woodsboro—81. 

Wood-Using Industries of Maryland—30-35. 

Worcester County—9, 21, 24, 28, 41, 75, 
117, 127, 131-135. 

Worcesir County, lumber and timber cnt— 
133. 

Worthington Valley—51. 

Wye River—119. 


Youghiogheny River—83. 


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